benefit形容詞范文
時(shí)間:2023-03-26 07:36:20
導(dǎo)語:如何才能寫好一篇benefit形容詞,這就需要搜集整理更多的資料和文獻(xiàn),歡迎閱讀由公務(wù)員之家整理的十篇范文,供你借鑒。
篇1
典例:China Chinese;apan apanese。
巧記2:有些地名變成形容詞,后邊加ian才能行。
妙解:有些地名變形容詞時(shí)在后邊加ian即可。
典例:Italy Italian,Egypt Egyptian
巧記:以a結(jié)尾的詞表地名,后加n可變成形容詞。
典例:Asia Asian;Africa African;America American,Austria Austrian
巧記4:有些地名,后加ish可變成形容詞。
典例:Britain British,England English,但是Wales Welsh(威爾士的)是例外。
巧記5:ful前加名詞,就能構(gòu)成形容詞。
妙解:名詞后加ful即可變成形容詞,表示“具有某特點(diǎn)的”“充滿……的”。
典例:use useful,care careful,help helpful,joy joyful,但handful和mouthful為量詞。
巧記6:表稱呼的詞,后加ly構(gòu)成形容詞;表示時(shí)間的各名詞,后加ly構(gòu)成形容詞。
典例:father fatherly,mother motherly
但也有特殊的,如:love lovely;like likely;order orderly;dead deadly;live lively。
巧記7:某些物質(zhì)名詞后加en可以變成形容詞。
典例:wood wooden;gold golden
巧記8:某些名詞后加上ous可以變成形容詞。
典例:fame famous;poison poisonous
巧記9:表示天氣的各個(gè)名詞和其它一些名詞后加y可以變成形容詞。
典例:wind windy,cloud cloudy
其它名詞,如:dirt dirty,hunger hungry,anger angry,thirst thirsty
巧記10: ture結(jié)尾的各名詞,去e加al變成形容詞。
典例:agriculture agricultural;culture cultural
巧記11:學(xué)科名詞以及其它一些名詞加cal可以變成形容詞。
典例:chemistry chemical,physics physical,politics political,ecology ecological
巧記12: less前邊放名詞,也可變成形容詞。
典例:home homeless,fear fearless
特別注意:price priceless無價(jià)的,價(jià)值大的。[H02mm]
巧記1:ence結(jié)尾的某些名詞,變成ent時(shí)就成了形容詞。
典例:competence competent,silence silent,evidence evident,excellence excellent,innocence innocent
巧記14:ance結(jié)尾的某些名詞,變成ant時(shí)就成了形容詞。
典例:importance important;significance significant;ignorance ignorant;tolerance tolerant
巧記15:ency結(jié)尾的某些名詞,變成ent時(shí)就成了形容詞。
典例:fluency fluenturgency urgent
巧記16:某些以t或n結(jié)尾的名詞,加al可以變成形容詞。
典例:nation national,season seasonal,tradition traditional,condition conditional
巧記17:某些以t結(jié)尾的名詞,加y可以變成形容詞。
典例:honest honesty,modest modesty
巧記18:某些以lity結(jié)尾的名詞,去ity可以變成形容詞。
典例:reality real,possible possibility,ability able,responsibility responsible,但electric electricity除外
巧記19:某些以rity結(jié)尾的名詞,去ity可以變成形容詞。
典例:minority minor,majority major,similarity similar,priority prior
巧記20:某些以ce結(jié)尾的名詞,把ce變成cial就成了形容詞。
篇2
關(guān)鍵詞: 商務(wù)英語 語境 英譯漢
語境(context),即“語言環(huán)境”,是交際過程中的雙方都相互明白的認(rèn)知環(huán)境,即使說話產(chǎn)生含義的情況。一般詞典給它下的定義是:說話的現(xiàn)實(shí)情境。英國著名人類學(xué)家Malinowski在研究語言時(shí)把“語境分為情景語境和文化語境兩大類,前者指講話人涉及的實(shí)際發(fā)生的事,即語言發(fā)生的實(shí)際環(huán)境,后者指講話者所處的社會文化環(huán)境”。
本文所指的“情境語境”,就是外貿(mào)情景中對話所處的語言環(huán)境,屬于一種國際商務(wù)氛圍,具有濃厚的國際貿(mào)易氣息,它涉及實(shí)際的外貿(mào)談判細(xì)節(jié)。語境是千變?nèi)f化的,在商務(wù)談判時(shí),要考慮說話者的文化背景、社會地位、價(jià)值觀念、駕馭語言的能力和遣詞造句的傾向等諸多因素。話語含義的產(chǎn)生離不開語境,翻譯時(shí),應(yīng)注意說話者的話題、說話者的話語方式,以及說話者和聽話者的社會關(guān)系和交際目的。本文著重探討的是情景語境與商務(wù)英語對話漢譯的技巧之間的關(guān)系。
以下就從商務(wù)英語對話中所使用的不同詞類進(jìn)行分析。
1.有些名詞的翻譯要注意從商業(yè)語境角度來選擇正確的詞義解釋。例如下面一例是談?wù)撽P(guān)于保險(xiǎn)的問題:
A:I see.Now,for this particular article,what risks do you usually cover?
B:We usually insure against All Risks for 110% of the invoice value.
(A:我明白了。那么我們這批貨,你們通常投保什么險(xiǎn)呢?)
(B: 我們通常按發(fā)票金額的110%投保一切險(xiǎn)。)
原文中的“article”是一詞多義詞,有“文章”、“論文”、“冠詞”、“商品”等詞義,要譯為何義,就得從當(dāng)時(shí)的情景語境和上下文考慮,顯然應(yīng)譯為“商品”,才符合原文所講的內(nèi)容。即使不懂得這里“article”的意思,也可以從上下文了解。
如雙方談及供貨問題:
A:How about the supply position of your products?
B:We have a steady supply for most of them.
(A:你方產(chǎn)品供貨情況怎么樣?)
(B:多數(shù)產(chǎn)品貨源穩(wěn)定。)
回答者用“steady supply”來表示供貨情況,譯為“貨源穩(wěn)定”。這樣翻譯不僅能夠清楚表示商品供貨充足,而且譯出了中文的特色,使語言描述更加到位、恰當(dāng)。
另外還有許多名詞性詞組,如果能夠譯成成語和通俗用語,就更能體現(xiàn)漢語的特色了。特別是當(dāng)展現(xiàn)產(chǎn)品的優(yōu)點(diǎn)和特色時(shí),經(jīng)常會用到。比如“fast color”譯為“永不褪色”,“fashionable patterns”譯為“花色入時(shí)”,“sophisticated technology”譯為“工藝精良”等。這些短語都是置于介紹產(chǎn)品語境下的最佳解釋,讓人感覺這些產(chǎn)品無可挑剔,這是賣方銷售產(chǎn)品的技巧之一。
又如:“Quality is something we never neglect.We are not in business for‘a(chǎn) quick killing’.Good quality ensures continued sales.”這一句可譯為:“我們一直十分重視質(zhì)量,我們不做那種趕風(fēng)頭,撈一票的生意。商品質(zhì)量好,才能不斷有銷路。”譯文生動地說明了:只有質(zhì)量好,銷路才會好。這是商業(yè)最佳手段之一。而“趕風(fēng)頭,撈一票”形象地說明沒有質(zhì)量,就不可能有好的銷路。若了解中文的俗語,并能應(yīng)用自如,巧妙運(yùn)用這樣的解釋,就能使讀者立即鮮明地了解文中的確切意思。這就要求學(xué)生翻譯時(shí),把思維融入語言環(huán)境中,譯出漢語的各種特色。
2.形容詞在商務(wù)英語對話中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn),應(yīng)用非常靈活。選擇什么詞義來解釋十分關(guān)鍵。在漢譯中要將形容詞置于
當(dāng)時(shí)的情境語境中,與句子其他成分聯(lián)系起來翻譯。
如談話雙方在談及報(bào)價(jià)時(shí):
A:Thank you.How long will this offer be open?
B:It’s valid for three days.
(A:謝謝。這個(gè)報(bào)價(jià)的有效期多長?)
(B:三天。)
A句中的“open”是個(gè)形容詞,也是一詞多義。除了字典上的解釋外,還可根據(jù)不同的情景靈活解釋,使其更加得體。從上下文和B中,“valid”譯為“有效的”,可知“open”也應(yīng)譯為“有效的”。而譯文中形容詞“有效的”靈活轉(zhuǎn)譯為名詞“有效期”,這樣能使中文的句子更通順易懂。此段對話是在談報(bào)價(jià)問題,這是一筆生意的開始也是重要的有決定意義的細(xì)節(jié)。類似“open”的還有“good”、“firm”等詞,這三個(gè)詞都具有靈活性和通俗性。如:
A:The market at our end has become pretty competitive.In order to sell successfully there,your goods will have to be competitive in price as well.
B:You’ll find our prices very attractive.
(A:我地市場競爭很激烈,為了成功銷售,你們的報(bào)價(jià)必須具有競爭力。)
(B:你們會發(fā)現(xiàn)我們的價(jià)格很有吸引力。)
以上對話談?wù)摰倪€有價(jià)格問題,但也聯(lián)系到市場銷售,說明價(jià)格高低直接影響到市場競爭。“pretty”在這里是副詞,也有多個(gè)詞義,它用于修飾形容詞“competitive”,從市場競爭角度,譯為“激烈地”是最恰當(dāng)不過了。而keen和sharp等形容詞與“pretty”同義,用來修飾名詞“competitive”,也譯為競爭激烈。
3.動詞的翻譯也要從商務(wù)英語對話的語境中考慮,才能更加形象和貼切。如:
A:As we do business on the basis of mutual benefit,I suggest somewhere around 270 Francs per metric ton FOB Marsellies.
B:I’m sorry,the difference between our price and your counter offer is too wide.It’s impossible for us to entertain your counter offer,I’m afraid.
(A: 因?yàn)槲覀冊诨ダ幕A(chǔ)上做交易,我建議每公噸馬賽船上交貨價(jià)為270法郎左右。)
(B:很遺憾,我們的價(jià)格與你方還盤之間的差距太大,恐怕不可能接受你們的還盤。)
動詞“entertain”是一詞多義詞,詞義有“招待”、“娛樂”等,但此處不可能作此解釋。從原文中可知,外貿(mào)情景對話中,在還盤階段,對于價(jià)格,動詞搭配常用“接受”與“不接受”,這是習(xí)慣自然的說法,而用其它詞義就不通,這說明語境決定了詞義的選擇。另外,結(jié)構(gòu)為“動詞+介詞”的動詞短語也十分常見。例如:
A:To tell you frankly,a letter of credit with a bank,I have to pay a deposit.That’ll tie up my money and add to my cost.
B:Consult your bank and see if they will reduce the required deposit to a minimum.
(A:坦率地說,信用證會增加我方進(jìn)口貨的成本,要在銀行開立信用證,我得付一筆押金。這樣,那一部分資金就無法周轉(zhuǎn)了,因此會增加成本。)
(B:你和開證行商量一下,是否把押金設(shè)法減少到最低限度。)
“tie up”這一動詞詞組,詞義有“中斷”、“聯(lián)合”、“堵塞”等,但這些詞義都無法解釋此句中的“tie up”。從原文中可知與資金有關(guān),而A由于資金周轉(zhuǎn)不靈,無法選信用證為付款方式。因?yàn)檫@樣就會束縛資金,在商界中俗稱“壓資金”。
4.介詞在外貿(mào)英語對話中也不少見,讓我們先看一例子,再進(jìn)行分析:
A:It’s still too high.
B:Our quality is far beyond comparison.Besides,the market is advancing.Our goods can always find a good sale .
(A:還是太高。)
(B:我們的質(zhì)量是無與倫比的。而且行市上漲,我們的貨物銷路一直很好。)
B中的“far beyond comparison”譯為“無與倫比”,不僅譯出其義,而且有很強(qiáng)的肯定意義。英文有它的表現(xiàn)手法,而中文會用有點(diǎn)夸張的手法修飾產(chǎn)品的優(yōu)點(diǎn),讓人覺得無可挑剔。對話A中說價(jià)格過高,想減價(jià)。而B用無與倫比的質(zhì)量水平抵住他的討價(jià)還價(jià),從B的下半句“the market is advancing.Our goods can always find a good sale.”得知描述質(zhì)量是何等的好。所以用“無與倫比”再恰當(dāng)不過了。類似這一情況的,中文中常見,因?yàn)樗鼈冃蜗笸怀觥⑼ㄋ咨鷦印H糇x者反應(yīng)敏捷,能及時(shí)得知對方的想法。
從上述舉例論證中可知,在為外貿(mào)談判作漢譯時(shí),無論是用名詞、動詞還是形容詞、介詞,都要看處在什么樣的情景語境,并以此來選擇恰當(dāng)貼切的詞義進(jìn)行翻譯。外貿(mào)情景對話漢譯的主要目的是交流情況,溝通思想,表達(dá)情緒。為使?jié)h譯達(dá)到這種目的,就應(yīng)想方設(shè)法使譯文與原文達(dá)到最大程度的相近,起到等效翻譯的作用。翻譯時(shí)盡可能了解相關(guān)背景知識,參閱上下文來進(jìn)行合乎邏輯的分析。另外說話人的情緒、感情和態(tài)度也關(guān)系到對話的漢譯。由此可見,外貿(mào)英語對話的漢譯在注意語境的同時(shí)也要注意這些要求,并滲入在譯文中,從而正確理解和解釋原文的意義。另一方面,我們還應(yīng)進(jìn)一步了解中國和英語國家各自的風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣、價(jià)值觀念等文化差異,只有這樣,才能準(zhǔn)確高效地進(jìn)行翻譯,更好地促進(jìn)對外交流和國際貿(mào)易。
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]王秀卿.等效翻譯中的語境與語域取向[J].國外外語教學(xué),2002,第3期.
[2]白文昌.語言文化差異與翻譯交際[J].外語學(xué)刊,2002,第2期.
篇3
關(guān)鍵詞: 會計(jì)英語語言特點(diǎn)翻譯
經(jīng)濟(jì)越發(fā)展,會計(jì)越重要。隨著全球化進(jìn)程的加快,會計(jì)英語作為國際貿(mào)易交往的通用語言,發(fā)揮著重要的中介作用。越來越多的財(cái)會人員要求學(xué)習(xí)和掌握會計(jì)專業(yè)英語,用英語處理會計(jì)工作。會計(jì)英語有其自身的一些特點(diǎn),除了專業(yè)術(shù)語和特殊句法外,還包括用英語特殊形式表達(dá)的會計(jì)憑證、會計(jì)帳薄、會計(jì)報(bào)表等帳表單據(jù)。因此,研究會計(jì)英語,掌握會計(jì)英語的語言特點(diǎn)及翻譯方法,將英語和會計(jì)知識融會貫通,可以提高我們閱讀會計(jì)英語文獻(xiàn)和運(yùn)用英語處理會計(jì)業(yè)務(wù)的能力。
1.會計(jì)英語的詞匯特點(diǎn)及翻譯方法
1.1大量使用術(shù)語
會計(jì)是在對財(cái)務(wù)活動和成本資料的收集、分類和報(bào)告的基礎(chǔ)上,形成協(xié)助管理決策的信息系統(tǒng)。在會計(jì)文獻(xiàn)中大量使用會計(jì)專用術(shù)語,這些術(shù)語精練、嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。除單詞術(shù)語外,其短語術(shù)語有不同的結(jié)構(gòu)組合。
1.1.1名詞+名詞
例如:profit control(利潤控制),book value(帳面價(jià)值),debt capital(借入資本),cost accounting(成本會計(jì)),cash balance(現(xiàn)金余額),store fixtures(店面裝置),journal entry(日記帳分錄),merchandise inventory(商品盤存),piece wage(計(jì)件工資),money order(匯票),check stub(支票存根),work sheet(工作底表)。
以上這些例子中,將名詞當(dāng)作形容詞作前置定語,這在會計(jì)英語中非常普遍。翻譯這種結(jié)構(gòu)的術(shù)語時(shí),一般用直譯法,一方面要準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)原文的意思,另一方面要使它符合漢語的習(xí)慣說法。例如:income statement應(yīng)翻譯為“損益表”而不是“收益表”;balance sheet應(yīng)翻譯為“資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表”而不是“平衡表”。
1.1.2名詞+介語短語
為了達(dá)到“明確”和“簡練”的要求,會計(jì)英語的詞匯較多使用了名詞+介詞短語的結(jié)構(gòu),介詞短語通常作名詞的后置定語。翻譯過程中,注意中心詞一般是放在前面的名詞。例如:profit after tax(稅后利潤),loss on sales(銷貨虧損),invoice for sales(銷貨發(fā)票),gross profit on sales(銷貨毛利),sales on credit terms(賒銷),deposit in bank(銀行存款),level of income(收益水平),goods on hand(庫存商品),supplies on hand(在用物料)等。
1.1.3形容詞+名詞/名詞+形容詞
形容詞修飾名詞的短語無論是在專業(yè)英語中還是在普通英語中都大量存在,是最常見的短語形式,例如:gross profit(毛利),indirect cost(間接成本),extraordinary items(非常項(xiàng)目),intangible asset(無形資產(chǎn))等。還有些動詞加上后綴-able之后變成形容詞,表示“能夠……;適于……;可……;應(yīng)……”。例如:receive(收到、接受)加上-able成為receivable,其意義也相應(yīng)成為“能收的、應(yīng)收的”;同樣pay(付款、支付)加上-able也相應(yīng)成為“應(yīng)付的”。這里要特別提到的是,動詞后綴有-able所形成的形容詞,和一般形容詞不同,在修飾名詞時(shí),它不在名詞之前而在名詞之后。例如accounts receivable(應(yīng)收帳款),accounts payable(應(yīng)付帳款),notes receivable(應(yīng)收票據(jù)),notes payable(應(yīng)付票據(jù))等。
1.1.4分詞+名詞
為了明確所描述的對象,會計(jì)英語中較多地使用分詞作定語。現(xiàn)在分詞含有“主動、正在進(jìn)行”的含義,過去分詞含有“被動、已完成”的意義,但翻譯時(shí)不需將這種意思翻譯出來,只將分詞看作是形容詞來翻譯。例如:beginning inventory(期初存貨),closing procedure(結(jié)賬程序),sinking fund(償債基金),financing activities(籌資活動),accrued revenue(應(yīng)計(jì)收入),semifinished parts(半成品),deferred credit(遞延貸項(xiàng)),fixed assets(固定資產(chǎn)),authorized stock(額定股本),preferred stock(優(yōu)先股)等。
1.1.5合成形容詞+名詞
合成詞的特點(diǎn)是構(gòu)詞結(jié)構(gòu)形象,詞義一目了然,非常符合會計(jì)專業(yè)英語的特點(diǎn)。例如:break-even point(保本點(diǎn)),straight-line method(直線法),long-term asset(長期資產(chǎn)),current-noncurrent method(流動與非流動項(xiàng)目法),paid-in capital(繳入資本),wage-bracket table(工資稅級表),cost-benefit data(成本―效益數(shù)據(jù))等。
1.2縮略詞
社會不斷發(fā)展,新的概念和術(shù)語不斷涌現(xiàn),會計(jì)專業(yè)詞匯日趨豐富和復(fù)雜。為了提高工作效率,使信息傳遞更為便利,會計(jì)英語中使用了較多的縮略詞,這些縮略詞多出現(xiàn)在各種會計(jì)憑證、帳薄和報(bào)表中,使帳表單據(jù)的編制更簡單明了。翻譯縮略詞應(yīng)了解縮略詞的全稱并理解縮略詞的意義,同時(shí)要熟悉相關(guān)的會計(jì)憑證與報(bào)表,這些都有助于迅速地準(zhǔn)確地翻譯。
例如:Dr.――debit record(借記),Cr.――credit record(貸記)
P.R.――Post.Ref.――Posting Reference(過帳記號)
Acct.No.――Account Number(帳號)
D.L.hours――direct labor hours(直接人工工時(shí))
Bal.――balance(余額)
Depn.――depreciation(折舊)
Dis.――discount(折扣)
Doc.――document(單據(jù)、憑證)
CVP analysis――cost-volume-profit analysis(本―量―利分析)
Inv’t――inventory(存貨、盤存)
N.S.F.――not sufficient funds(存款不足)
V.A.T.――value added Tax(增值稅)
1.3一詞多義與單義性
會計(jì)英語隸屬于專門用途英語(ESP)的分支――經(jīng)貿(mào)英語(EBE)。和其它專業(yè)英語一樣,會計(jì)英語中存在著共核通用詞,這些詞匯在不同情況下有不同的含義,例如:claim在普通英語(GE)中有“要求,索取,聲稱,斷言”等意思。而在會計(jì)英語中,除了以上意思外還有“債權(quán),求償權(quán),索賠”等多個(gè)意思。類似的詞還有:outstanding(GE:杰出的),outstanding stock (EBE:外發(fā)股份),outstanding check(EBE:未兌付支票);consideration(GE:考慮;EBE:對價(jià),報(bào)酬);inventory(GE:目錄;EBE:盤存清單,財(cái)產(chǎn)目錄);discount(GE:折扣;EBE:折扣,貼現(xiàn))等。在翻譯時(shí),應(yīng)注意一些使用頻繁的詞匯很容易被誤譯,須結(jié)合上下文來理解這些詞匯的意思。
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同時(shí),會計(jì)英語的另一部分詞匯具有單一、專用的特點(diǎn)。一個(gè)概念只有一個(gè)固定的術(shù)語,即“一詞一義”。例如:dividend(股利),liquidation(清算),amortization(攤銷),leasehold(租賃權(quán)),voucher(應(yīng)付憑單),accruals(應(yīng)計(jì)項(xiàng)目),deferrals(遞延項(xiàng)目),budget(預(yù)算)等。
2.會計(jì)英語的句法特點(diǎn)及翻譯方法
2.1句子結(jié)構(gòu)簡潔明確
會計(jì)英語中的句子要陳述事實(shí),力求準(zhǔn)確直白,因此較多使用非謂語動詞、介語短語、不定式短語等來代替句子中的定語從句、狀語從句。句子結(jié)構(gòu)緊密且簡潔明了。
例如:
1)The accumulated portion of the cost taken as depreciation to date is subtracted from its original cost to obtain the book value of assets.(解析:過去分詞作后置定語,相當(dāng)于定語從句,譯成所修飾名詞的前置附加語)
譯文:作為至今為止因折舊而注銷的那部份累計(jì)成本,應(yīng)從各相關(guān)資產(chǎn)的原始成本中減去,以得出其賬面價(jià)值。
2)With the exception of site land,the use of long-term assets to generate revenues tends to consume their economic potential.(解析:介詞短語在句子中可充當(dāng)不同的語法成分,在翻譯中,要正確表達(dá)介詞短語的關(guān)系,必須首先判斷其語法功用,此句的介詞短語在句子中作狀語,表示背景情況。另外,不定式短語“to generate revenues”在此句子中作目的狀語,可采用順譯法并添加“以”“使”這類的詞。)
譯文:除地基用土地外,在使用長期資產(chǎn)以產(chǎn)生收入時(shí),勢必消耗其經(jīng)濟(jì)潛力。
3)At the end of April,accumulated depreciation would have a balance of $375,representing three month’s accumulated depreciation.(解析:現(xiàn)在分詞作定語,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)非限制性定語從句,對整個(gè)主句加以補(bǔ)充說明,可順譯為并列分句。)
譯文:到4月末,累計(jì)折舊將會有375美元余額,代表3個(gè)月的累計(jì)折舊數(shù)額。
2.2大量使用被動語態(tài)
會計(jì)英語文獻(xiàn)主要是客觀地陳述理論及會計(jì)事務(wù),力求準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)事物的本質(zhì)與特征,因此會計(jì)英語文獻(xiàn)通常使用非人稱的語氣來作客觀闡述,較多地使用被動句。由于被動句可以省略施動者,因此當(dāng)施動者是上文已提到的、顯而易見的、或是無關(guān)緊要的時(shí)候,就可省略。在達(dá)到客觀性的同時(shí),又使傳遞的信息簡潔化,利于信息的傳遞。例如:
1)When an asset is disposed of,the related original cost and accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts.
譯文:當(dāng)要清理某項(xiàng)資產(chǎn)時(shí),要將有關(guān)的原始成本和累計(jì)折舊從該帳戶注銷。
2)Equal debits and credits have been recorded for all transactions.
譯文:將所有交易的借方和貸方都記錄帳上。
解析:漢語中較少使用被動語態(tài),因此在將被動句翻譯成漢語時(shí),多譯成無人稱句,將原來的主語轉(zhuǎn)譯成賓語。這些被動句句中通常沒有介詞引導(dǎo)的行為主體。
3)One record is generated by the firms recordkeeping procedures and another is furnished by the bank.
譯文:一份記錄是由企業(yè)的薄記程序產(chǎn)生的;另一份記錄則由銀行提供。
4)At the end of each accounting year,these temporary accounts will be closed.
譯文:在每一會計(jì)年度終結(jié)時(shí),這些暫時(shí)性賬戶應(yīng)予結(jié)清。
5)Since the declaration and payment of a dividend reduce the stockholders’equity,the dividend could be recorded by debiting the Retained Earnings account.
譯文:由于宣布和發(fā)放股利減少企業(yè)的所有者的權(quán)益,發(fā)放股利時(shí),可以通過借記“留存收益”帳戶來加以記錄。
解析:當(dāng)英語句子本身強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的承受者時(shí),為了忠實(shí)于原文,翻譯時(shí)也應(yīng)該使用漢語的被動語態(tài),除了用“被”字來表達(dá)被動語態(tài),還可以使用“受”、“由”、“給”、“加以”等字來表述。
6)Any group of similar accounts may be removed from the general ledger and a controlling account substituted for it.
譯文:任何類似的帳戶都可以從總分類帳中剔出,以統(tǒng)制帳戶取而代之。
7)The costs related to the use of long-term assets must be properly calculated and matched against the revenues the assets help generate.
譯文:與使用長期資產(chǎn)有關(guān)的成本,必須恰當(dāng)?shù)赜?jì)算,并與這些資產(chǎn)幫助產(chǎn)生的收入相匹配。
解析:當(dāng)被動句的主語為無生命名詞,句中沒有介詞引導(dǎo)的行為主體時(shí),在翻譯過程中,無需改動主語與句子結(jié)構(gòu),直接采取主動語態(tài)的形式。
2.3使用復(fù)雜長句
會計(jì)英語是用嚴(yán)密的邏輯推理形式來表述的,為了說明原理的內(nèi)在特征和相互之間的聯(lián)系,以及會計(jì)本身的復(fù)雜性和綜合性,會計(jì)英語文獻(xiàn)中也較多使用復(fù)雜的長句式。這類句子中常包括多個(gè)從句或包括多重修飾成分,一層疊一層,使得整個(gè)句子從表面上看錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜,而實(shí)際上形成一個(gè)樹型結(jié)構(gòu)。在翻譯時(shí)通常先要找到句子的主干,然后再層層分析,理順各成分彼此之間的聯(lián)系,才能準(zhǔn)確、通順地翻譯原文。還可根據(jù)具體情況采用順譯、倒譯、分譯、增譯、省譯等翻譯方法。例如:
1)Enterprises that choose not to show operating cash receipts and payments are required to report the same amount net cash flows operating activities indirectly by adjusting net income to reconcile it to net cash flows from operating activities by removing the effects of(1)all deferrals of past operating cash receipts an payments and all accruals of expected future operating cash receipts and payments and(2)all items that are included in net income but do not affect operating cash receipts and payments.
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譯文:對于那些不去反映經(jīng)營中的現(xiàn)金收入和支出項(xiàng)目的企業(yè),則要求它們間接地通過把凈收益調(diào)節(jié)為來自經(jīng)營活動的現(xiàn)金凈流量的方法,報(bào)告相同的來自經(jīng)營活動的現(xiàn)金凈流量金額。這就要消除:(1)過去經(jīng)營中現(xiàn)金收入和支出的所有遞延項(xiàng)目和未來經(jīng)營中預(yù)期現(xiàn)金收入和支出的所有應(yīng)計(jì)項(xiàng)目的影響;(2)已包括在凈收益中,但不影響經(jīng)營中現(xiàn)金收入和支出的所有項(xiàng)目的影響。
解析:其中句子的主干是:Enterprises are required to report the same amount of net cash flows.英文原文只是一個(gè)句子,但這個(gè)句子中有兩個(gè)由by引導(dǎo)的狀語,這就為拆分句子打下了基礎(chǔ),由于第二個(gè)by引導(dǎo)的狀語與主語的關(guān)系較為松散,因此譯為兩個(gè)中文句子。
2)Job order cost accounting is appropriate when production is characterized by a discontinuous series of products or jobs undertaken either to fill specific orders from customers or for a general stock of products from which future orders will be filled.
譯文:當(dāng)生產(chǎn)的特征是不連續(xù)的產(chǎn)品系列,或者是,所承擔(dān)的工作是為了供應(yīng)顧客的特定定貨,或?yàn)榱斯?yīng)未來定貨而一般地儲存產(chǎn)品時(shí),分批成本會計(jì)將是適宜的。
解析:此句的主句很簡單,是一個(gè)主-系-表結(jié)構(gòu)的句子。從句是一個(gè)用連詞when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句。由于英漢兩種語言在語序上有各自的特點(diǎn):英語句子通常是先主句后從句,時(shí)間狀語放在句中后部,結(jié)果在前,原因在后;推論在前,條件在后。而漢語句子多數(shù)是先表述時(shí)間后敘述事件,原因在前,結(jié)果在后;條件在前,推論在后。因此,可以用倒譯法先將when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句翻譯出來,放在句子的前面,最后才翻譯主句部分。翻譯過程中還要注意詞性的轉(zhuǎn)換,此句中的動詞“characterize”可轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語的名詞,以達(dá)到譯文明確、通順的目的。
3.會計(jì)憑證、帳薄和報(bào)表的特點(diǎn)及翻譯
一個(gè)企業(yè)在一個(gè)會計(jì)期內(nèi)必須經(jīng)過編審憑證、分錄、記帳、試算、調(diào)整、結(jié)帳和編表等一系列會計(jì)程序,它們都是以表格的形式對日常會計(jì)處理工作進(jìn)行高度的概括。這其中包括了:原始憑證、發(fā)票、支票、銀行對賬單、日記賬、試算表、資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表、損益表、現(xiàn)金流量表等幾十余種。這些表格十分簡潔,特別是財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表,通常用三、四頁紙就把一個(gè)公司某一特定期間內(nèi),如一年的財(cái)務(wù)活動概括出來。由于種類和功能不同,這些帳表單據(jù)都采用不同于其它的固定格式和固定的項(xiàng)目以體現(xiàn)其規(guī)范性。為了使表格的內(nèi)容簡潔明了,語言上主要使用短語、詞組和縮略詞。在翻譯時(shí),首先必須嚴(yán)格遵守原文表格的格式,并根據(jù)單據(jù)的種類來正確理解詞義,利用會計(jì)專業(yè)知識來確定術(shù)語的翻譯,力求忠實(shí)于原文。例如:
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]常勛,.會計(jì)專業(yè)英語[M].上海:立信會計(jì)出版社,2006.
[2]孫坤,胡英坤.會計(jì)英語[M].沈陽:東北財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)出版社,1996.
[3]鄒力,李育.商務(wù)英語翻譯教程(筆譯)[M].北京:中國水利水電出版社,2005.
[4]許建忠.工商企業(yè)翻譯實(shí)物[M].北京:中國對外翻譯出版公司,2001.
[5]范武邱.實(shí)用科技英語翻譯講評[M].北京:外文出版社,2001.
[6]葉子南.高級英漢翻譯理論與實(shí)踐[M].北京:清華大學(xué)出版社,2001.
篇4
《新托福考試官方指南》(第三版)針對寫作部分首尾段的寫作給出了如下提示:“Do not ‘memorize’ long introductory and concluding paragraphs just to add words to your essay. Raters will not look favorably on wordy introductory and concluding paragraphs such as the following: ‘The importance of the issue raised by the posed statement, namely creating a new holiday for people, cannot be underestimated as it concerns the very fabric of society. As it stands, the issue of creating a new holiday raises profound implications for the future. However, although the subject matter in general cannot be dismissed lightheartedly, the perspective of the issue as presented by the statement raises certain qualms regarding practical application.’”評卷人引用的這個(gè)首段表述雖然詞匯和句式結(jié)構(gòu)很復(fù)雜,但是內(nèi)容非常空洞、冗余,評卷人不會接受這樣的首段寫法。
那么,如何才能快速且高質(zhì)量地寫出托福獨(dú)立寫作的首段呢?根據(jù)筆者的教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn),考生如果遵循下面的五個(gè)步驟,就能比較容易地在五分鐘左右的時(shí)間內(nèi)寫出個(gè)性化的首段。這樣既能夠?yàn)楹笪闹黧w段的發(fā)揮留下充足的時(shí)間,也能夠給評卷人留下較好的第一印象。
第一步寫背景
背景就是寫作題目中的問題產(chǎn)生的前提條件。寫背景時(shí),考生需要仔細(xì)審題,抓住題目中的關(guān)鍵詞,寫出一個(gè)宏觀但能夠反映“題眼”的句子,這樣才不會一開始就給評卷人留下套用模板和內(nèi)容死板的印象。同時(shí),考生也要注意,寫背景句時(shí)保持態(tài)度中立,不應(yīng)該有觀點(diǎn)的偏向性,這樣便于首段后面幾個(gè)步驟的寫作。
以下面這道題目為例:“Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The best way for the government to reduce air pollution is to raise the cost of fuel (petrol) for cars.”這道題目探討的問題是提高油價(jià)是不是政府減輕空氣污染的最好方式。這個(gè)問題產(chǎn)生的前提是當(dāng)前空氣污染比較嚴(yán)重,所以考生可以針對空氣污染來寫一個(gè)態(tài)度中立的背景句:“隨著工業(yè)化的發(fā)展和私家車的普及,空氣污染越來越嚴(yán)重。”
在寫背景句時(shí),考生可以用“狀語前置”或者“狀語中置”(把狀語放在主謂之間作插入語)的方式來豐富語言。用于引出背景句的狀語可以是副詞,比如recently、currently、presently、nowadays等,也可以是介詞短語作狀語的形式,比如in the contemporary time、during recent years、over the past decades、in this competitive society、in the present time and age、with the advancement of commercialization/industrialization/globalization、with the popularity of、with the prevalence of等。
針對上面的題目,背景句可以寫成:“Over the past decades, with the advancement of industrialization and the prevalence of private cars, air pollution has become an increasingly severe problem.”為了豐富語言的形式,考生也可以將狀語放在主謂之間作插入語,寫成如下句子:“Air pollution, over the past decades, with the advancement of industrialization and the prevalence of private cars, has become an increasingly severe problem.”
需要注意的是,背景句在內(nèi)容上一定要個(gè)性化,也就是要結(jié)合寫作題目中的關(guān)鍵詞來寫,而不能用類似“隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)社會發(fā)展……”這樣過于寬泛的句子來寫所有題目,否則就會有套用模板之嫌。
第二步引出爭議話題
在這一步,考生只要把寫作題目中需要討論的爭議話題改寫成一般疑問句或是特殊疑問句的形式即可。考生要注意,一定是“改寫”,而不是照抄原來的題目。通常來說,考生可以從詞和句式入手來改寫。
詞的改寫方法有以下幾種。
1. 同義詞替換。比如important這個(gè)常用詞可以用crucial、essential等同義詞來替換,pollution可以用contamination來替換。
2. 詞性轉(zhuǎn)化。比如“be +形容詞”可以改寫成“be + of +名詞”的形式,像be beneficial就可以改寫為be of great benefit。
3. 詞和短語之間的轉(zhuǎn)化。比如consider這個(gè)詞可以用短語“take … into consideration/account”來替換。
4. 增加適當(dāng)?shù)男揎椪Z。可以增加形容詞來修飾名詞,或者增加副詞來修飾動詞、形容詞或副詞,但要注意不可扭曲原意。比如air pollution前面可以加上一個(gè)形容詞寫成serious air pollution,也可以再加上一個(gè)副詞來修飾形容詞,寫成increasingly serious air pollution。再比如,reduce air pollution前面可以加上一個(gè)副詞來修飾動詞,寫成effectively reduce air pollution。
除了詞的改寫,考生還可以通過“主語多樣化”的方式來改寫主題句。能夠作主語的有名詞、代詞、動名詞、不定式、主語從句、it形式主語等。同一個(gè)句子可以變換不同的主語形式來表達(dá),從而實(shí)現(xiàn)句式的多樣化。比如“We should protect the environment.”這句話的主語是代詞we,通過變換主語可以將這句話改寫成下面幾個(gè)句子。
Protecting the environment is imperative for us.
(動名詞作主語)
To protect the environment is essential for us.
(不定式作主語)
What is important for us is to protect the environment.
(主語從句做主語)
It is imperative for us to protect the environment.
(it作形式主語,不定式作真正的主語)
It is imperative that we protect the environment.
(it作形式主語,主語從句作真正的主語)
上面幾句話表達(dá)的是同樣的意思,可見,通過變換主語形式來改寫就可以避免句式重復(fù)、單調(diào)。考生可以用上述方法把文章開頭題目中的句子改寫成一般疑問句,如:“Is raising the price of petrol for cars the best method for the government to effectively curb increasingly severe air contamination?”也可以改寫成特殊疑問句,比如:“How can the government effectively curb the increasingly severe air pollution?”這樣既引出了爭議話題,又避免了重復(fù)題目中的原話。考生也可以根據(jù)不同的題目用這樣的方法靈活改寫話題句。
第三步提出反方觀點(diǎn)
考生審題并構(gòu)思出自己的觀點(diǎn)立場后,可以在表述個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)之前,先提出和自己不一樣的觀點(diǎn)作為鋪墊。比如針對文章開頭的題目,考生如果覺得提升油價(jià)不是降低空氣污染的最好方式,那么可以先說“有些人認(rèn)為提升油價(jià)是最好的方式”。此時(shí),考生可以用豐富多樣的語言形式來表達(dá)反方觀點(diǎn),必要時(shí)也可以表達(dá)反方的主要理由。
在表達(dá)反方觀點(diǎn)時(shí),很多考生會用“Some people think …”之類的句子。為了更個(gè)性化一點(diǎn),考生可以根據(jù)不同的寫作題目,把people這個(gè)詞改寫成具體化的人,比如environmentalists、politicians、educators、college students、parents等,以此來豐富寫作的詞匯。此外,think這個(gè)詞用得也比較多,考生可以積累一些近義詞,如contend、insist、claim、state、maintain、believe、hold等,在合適的情況下進(jìn)行替換。
另外,考生在表達(dá)反方觀點(diǎn)或理由時(shí)也可以選擇更加多樣的句式,比如下面這些句式。
It is suggested by some people that … (主語從句)
There is an opinion among some people that … (同位語從句)
The opinion held by some people is that … (表語從句)
The opinion that … (同位語從句) is circulating among some people who claim that … (賓語從句)
Reasoning that … (賓語從句), some people maintain that … (賓語從句)
Some people, reasoning that … (賓語從句,插在主謂之間), state that … (賓語從句)
Based on the reason that … (同位語從句), some people suggest that … (賓語從句)
With the consideration that … (同位語從句), some people hold that … (賓語從句)
Some people, convinced that … (賓語從句,插在主謂之間), suggest that … (賓語從句)
考生可以用上面這些多樣的句式來表達(dá)反方觀點(diǎn)或理由。比如針對文章開頭的寫作題目,考生在表達(dá)反方觀點(diǎn)時(shí)就可以說:“It is suggested by some environmentalists that raising the price of petrol for cars is the most effective approach for the government to address the serious air pollution.”如果考生想在表達(dá)反方觀點(diǎn)的同時(shí)也簡要給出理由,可以這樣寫:“Reasoning that it is private cars that mainly cause air pollution, some experts insist that increasing the price of petrol for cars should be the most effective method for the government to reduce air pollution.”
第四步轉(zhuǎn)入個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)
在提出反方觀點(diǎn)之后,考生可以通過轉(zhuǎn)折句轉(zhuǎn)入個(gè)人觀點(diǎn),并清楚地表述自己的立場,這是最重要的也是不可省略的步驟。表達(dá)轉(zhuǎn)折時(shí),考生可以用however、nevertheless、nonetheless等詞。表達(dá)個(gè)人立場時(shí),考生可以用下面這些詞組:in my opinion、from my point of view、from my personal perspective、personally speaking、to my knowledge、as far as I know、as far as I am concerned等。考生也可以結(jié)合一定的狀語形式來表達(dá)個(gè)人立場,如下所示。
Based on my knowledge and experience, I believe that …
Based on my experience and observation, I believe that …
Based on my analysis and judgment, I believe that …
比如,針對文章開頭的寫作題目,如果考生不同意題干中的觀點(diǎn),就可以這樣表述個(gè)人觀點(diǎn):“Nevertheless, based on my analysis and judgment, increasing the price of fuel for cars is not the most reasonable way.”
第五步過渡到正文
過渡句的作用是承上啟下,考生如果在前面四個(gè)步驟中寫的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)足夠多,也可以省略這個(gè)步驟。筆者在此提供一個(gè)過渡句的句式,并列出可用于替換的單詞,考生可以酌情替換使用。為方便考生閱讀和理解,現(xiàn)將這個(gè)句子分割展示如下。
In the following/subsequent paragraphs,
I will present/demonstrate/provide/render/elaborate/illuminate/elucidate/explicate
some compelling/convincing/persuasive reasons
and concrete/appropriate/specific/related/typical examples
to prove/substantiate/justify/verify/champion/bolster
my standpoint/position/view/point/opinion/perspective.
當(dāng)然,在豐富語言的同時(shí),考生要注意語言是為內(nèi)容服務(wù)的,語言與內(nèi)容必須相匹配。考生如果在首段的過渡句中寫了convincing reasons and typical examples,那么在下文的主體段中一定要給出真正有說服力的理由和足夠典型的例子,不能只是靠表面的語言裝飾,否則就算詞匯和句式再復(fù)雜、再豐富,也得不了高分。
經(jīng)過上面的分析,本文開頭的題目可以根據(jù)文中所述的五個(gè)步驟寫成完整的首段,如下所示。
篇5
筆者將以此次考試真題為例來具體講解漢譯英時(shí)的以下五種翻譯技巧。
給長句斷句
漢語中的一個(gè)長句中往往包含多個(gè)分句,漢譯英時(shí)若很難將多個(gè)分句合并譯為一個(gè)英語長句,考生可嘗試對漢語長句適當(dāng)斷句。關(guān)系較為緊密的分句應(yīng)該合并譯為一個(gè)英語句子,而關(guān)系較為松散的分句則可嘗試將其斷開。下面我們來看幾個(gè)例句。
例1:中國應(yīng)進(jìn)一步發(fā)展核能,因?yàn)楹穗娔壳爸徽计淇偘l(fā)電量的2%,該比例在所有核國家中居第30位,幾乎是最低的。
評析:原文分句較多,其中前兩個(gè)分句為因果關(guān)系,關(guān)系較為緊密,漢譯英時(shí)可以用because、for等表示因果關(guān)系的連接詞將它們合并譯為一個(gè)英語長句。后兩個(gè)分句的關(guān)系也很緊密,第四個(gè)分句是對第三個(gè)分句的補(bǔ)充說明,漢譯英時(shí)可以將第四個(gè)分句譯為名詞短語,作為第三個(gè)分句的同位語,起補(bǔ)充說明作用。如此一來,原文的長句在漢譯英時(shí)斷為兩部分,條理清晰、意義明確。
參考譯文:China should further develop nuclear energy, for nuclear power accounts for only 2 percent of the total volume of China’s current energy production. This proportion makes China rank 30th out of all nuclear-capable countries, almost the lowest in the list.
例2:閱讀對于中小學(xué)生尤為重要,假如他們沒有在這個(gè)關(guān)鍵時(shí)期培養(yǎng)閱讀的興趣,以后要培養(yǎng)成閱讀的習(xí)慣就很難了。
評析:原文第一個(gè)分句較為獨(dú)立,漢譯英時(shí)可將其譯為一個(gè)獨(dú)立的英語句子。原文后兩個(gè)分句的關(guān)系比較緊密,又因第二個(gè)分句提出了一種“假設(shè)”,因此漢譯英時(shí)可嘗試將第二個(gè)分句譯為if引導(dǎo)的狀語從句,將最后一個(gè)分句譯為主句。
參考譯文:Reading is of great importance to students in elementary and secondary schools. If they don’t develop an interest in reading at this critical stage, it will be quite difficult for them to develop the habit of reading later on.
關(guān)注時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)
時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)也是漢譯英時(shí)考生需要關(guān)注的問題,比如,若句子的時(shí)間狀語涉及過去,譯文要采用一般過去時(shí);若句子的時(shí)間狀語由過去延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生影響,譯文要采用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。另外,漢語中有不少句子雖然沒有表示被動的標(biāo)志性詞語,但主語和謂語之間卻存在被動關(guān)系,漢譯英時(shí)仍然需要采用被動語態(tài)。下面我們來看幾個(gè)例句。
例1:中國教育工作者早就認(rèn)識到讀書對于國家的重要意義。有些教育工作者2003年就建議設(shè)立全民讀書日。
評析:原文第一個(gè)句子中的謂語“早就認(rèn)識到”說明情況在過去就已發(fā)生,延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,因此漢譯英時(shí)譯文應(yīng)采用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。第二個(gè)句子的時(shí)間狀語“2003年”為過去的時(shí)間,其譯文應(yīng)采用一般過去時(shí)。
參考譯文:Chinese educators have long realized the importance of reading for the country. As early as 2003, some educators recommended the establishment of a national reading day.
例2:換句話說,核能是可以完全開發(fā)和利用的。
評析:原文中的“核能”和“可以完全開發(fā)和利用”之間雖然沒有表示被動關(guān)系的詞語,但兩者存在被動關(guān)系,所以譯文要采用被動語態(tài)。
參考譯文:In other words, nuclear energy can now be fully developed and utilized.
注意調(diào)整語序
漢譯英時(shí)需要正確調(diào)整語序,尤其在中文句子的定語和狀語較多、較長的情況下,考生需要先確定出短語的中心詞,而后將修飾成分重新安排,譯出流暢的譯文。
例:一些為接受更好教育而轉(zhuǎn)往城市上學(xué)的學(xué)生如今又回到本地農(nóng)村學(xué)校就讀。
評析:原文“為接受更好教育而轉(zhuǎn)往城市上學(xué)的學(xué)生”中,中心詞為“學(xué)生”,定語非常復(fù)雜,漢譯英時(shí)可將其處理為定語從句,按照從后往前的順序?qū)訉犹幚矶ㄕZ,先譯“轉(zhuǎn)往城市上學(xué)”,再譯“為接受更好教育”。此外,漢語中的動詞較多,漢譯英時(shí)可適當(dāng)省略,如“為接受更好教育”可簡化為for a better education。
參考譯文:As a result, some students who had initially transferred to urban schools for a better education have returned to their country homes to be educated in local schools.
避免中式英語
在漢語中,“讓”字句和“使”字句出現(xiàn)頻率較高,將其譯成英文時(shí),不少考生常用let和make去對應(yīng),這樣就會使譯文的中式英語痕跡較重。在翻譯這類句型時(shí),考生可以使用一些英語及物動詞,或省略“讓”字或者“使”字,以使譯文更為地道。
例:這些資金用于改善教學(xué)設(shè)施、購買書籍,使16萬多所中小學(xué)受益。
評析:原文中的“使……受益”可以結(jié)合起來譯為“benefit …”,又因“使”字所在的分句體現(xiàn)了一種目的,漢譯英時(shí)可以為此分句添加表示目的的連接詞so as to或in order to,銜接到前文上。
參考譯文:The funds are being used to upgrade teaching facilities and purchase books so as to benefit over 160,000 elementary and secondary schools.
采用亮點(diǎn)句型和結(jié)構(gòu)
在翻譯中文句子時(shí),英語譯文可適當(dāng)采用一些地道的英語句型和結(jié)構(gòu),例如倒裝句、強(qiáng)調(diào)句、并列結(jié)構(gòu)等,這些亮點(diǎn)句型和結(jié)構(gòu)會使譯文更具有表現(xiàn)力,幫助考生取得高分。
例1:通過閱讀,人們能更好地學(xué)會感恩、有責(zé)任心和與人合作,而教育的目的正是要培養(yǎng)這些基本素質(zhì)。
評析:英語中的并列結(jié)構(gòu)具有較強(qiáng)的表現(xiàn)力,對于漢語中并列的信息,英語中可以采用并列結(jié)構(gòu)翻譯。例如原文中的“感恩、有責(zé)任心和與人合作”可以采用三個(gè)平行的形容詞(grateful, responsible, and cooperative)來翻譯,或者采用三個(gè)平行的不定式短語(to be grateful, to have a sense of responsibility, and to cooperate with others)來翻譯。
參考譯文:Through reading, one can learn to be grateful, responsible, and cooperative, which indeed are the essential qualities that education aims to cultivate.
例2:到2012年10月,審批才又謹(jǐn)慎地恢復(fù)。
評析:原文若按照英語的一般語序來翻譯,可以得出如下譯文:“Approval wasn’t renewed with caution until October of 2012.”如果對譯文的語序適當(dāng)進(jìn)行調(diào)整,采用強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)來翻譯,就能使句子更具表現(xiàn)力。
參考譯文:It was not until October of 2012 that approval was renewed with caution.
漢譯英真題及參考譯文
本次四級考試共出現(xiàn)了三道段落翻譯題,內(nèi)容涉及核能發(fā)展、閱讀的重要性和教育公平。以下是筆者給出的真題及參考譯文,僅供參考。
中國應(yīng)進(jìn)一步發(fā)展核能,因?yàn)楹穗娔壳爸徽计淇偘l(fā)電量的2%,該比例在所有核國家中居第30位,幾乎是最低的。
2011年3月日本核電站事故后,中國的核能開發(fā)停了下來,中止審批新的核電站,并開展全國性的核安全檢查。到2012年10月,審批才又謹(jǐn)慎地恢復(fù)。
隨著技術(shù)和安全措施的改進(jìn),發(fā)生核事故的可能性完全可以降到最低程度。換句話說,核能是可以完全開發(fā)和利用的。
參考譯文:China should further develop nuclear energy, for nuclear power accounts for only 2 percent of the total volume of China’s current energy production. This proportion makes China rank 30th out of all nuclear-capable countries, almost the lowest in the list.
After the Japanese nuclear power station accident in March of 2011, China halted its development of nuclear energy, suspended its approval for new nuclear power plants and carried out the nuclear safety inspections across the country. It was not until October of 2012 that approval was renewed with caution.
With improvements in technology and security measures, the possibility of nuclear accidents can be reduced to a minimum. In other words, nuclear energy can be fully developed and utilized.
中國教育工作者早就認(rèn)識到讀書對于國家的重要意義。有些教育工作者2003年就建議設(shè)立全民讀書日。他們強(qiáng)調(diào),人們應(yīng)當(dāng)讀好書,尤其是經(jīng)典著作。通過閱讀,人們能更好地學(xué)會感恩、有責(zé)任心和與人合作,而教育的目的正是要培養(yǎng)這些基本素質(zhì)。閱讀對于中小學(xué)生尤為重要,假如他們沒有在這個(gè)關(guān)鍵時(shí)期培養(yǎng)閱讀的興趣,以后要培養(yǎng)成閱讀的習(xí)慣就很難了。
參考譯文:Chinese educators have long realized the importance of reading for the country. As early as 2003, some educators recommended the establishment of a national reading day. They stressed that people should read good books, especially classics. Through reading, one can learn to be grateful, responsible, and cooperative, which indeed are the essential qualities that education aims to cultivate. Reading is of great importance to students in elementary and secondary schools. If they don’t develop an interest in reading at this critical stage, it will be quite difficult for them to develop the habit of reading later on.
篇6
1. As soon as new film was released, it became great hit in all the big cinemas across the country.
A. a; theB. the; a
C. the; /D. a; a
2. himself in carrying out an experiment, he cant spare any time to keep his parents company at home.
A. OccupiedB. Occupy
C. OccupyingD. Having occupied
3. ―Tom is a(n) young man and he wont let us down.
―Oh, thats it. He always means what he says.
A. independentB. reliable
C. flexibleD. confident
4. His car broke down half the way back home. It was already time to go to bed he got home deep into the night.
A. sinceB. before
C. whenD. until
5. ―I find my time is so limited.
―Well, it is not surprising. You for the coming competition recently.
A. are preparingB. had prepared
C. had been preparingD. have been preparing
6. ―Mum, I cant see any point in studying hard.
―Come on, dear. Years of hard study will surely in your future career.
A. make sureB. pay off
C. bring backD. pay back
7. Please do me a favor ― my friend Mr. Smith to Youth Theater at 7:30 tonight.
A. to inviteB. inviting
C. inviteD. invited
8. Safety in school has been of great concern because of frequent reports about accidents students got injured or killed while in school.
A. in whichB. for which
C. whichD. when
9. So convenient to pay by credit card that more and more people apply for their credit cards.
A. do people findB. people find it
C. find peopleD. do people find it
10. A love marriage, however, does not necessarily much sharing of interests and responsibilities.
A. take overB. result in
C. hold onD. keep to
11. ―You seem very familiar with Mr. John?
―Of course, we together for three years in the 1990s.
A. have workedB. had worked
C. are workingD. worked
12. A midday rest recover brain power to its best and make people perform better.
A. canB. must
C. needD. shall
13. ―How do you find James Camerons 3D version of Titanic?
―Fantastic! It cant be and has brought us a wonderful experience.
A. as impressiveB. more impressive
C. most impressiveD. so impressive
14. Loulan City is not at all a traveler who has never seen the desert before can expect.
A. thatB. where
C. whatD. which
15. ―Will you accept his proposal?
―Me? . He is the last man in the world I want to marry.
A. Not really
B. Not likely
C. Not exactly
D. Not nearly
Ⅱ. 閱讀理解
第一節(jié)閱讀下列短文,從每題所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)(A、B、C和D)中,選出最佳選項(xiàng)。
Encouraging pupils to keep noise to a minimum should be a valuable component of all childrens education, according to a new research.
Dr. Helen Lees, from Stirling Universitys school of education, says that “enforced(強(qiáng)制的)silence” is seen as a punishment and often acts to suppress childrens natural ability. But she says that teaching children about the benefits of “enforced silence”― deliberate stillness that gives them the opportunity to focus and reflect in a stressfree environment ―can have a significant effect on pupils concentration and behavior.
It is the latest in a string of researches to establish a link between the classroom environment and pupils academic ability.
A study almost a decade ago in London found that childrens exam results were cut by as much as a third if they were taught in noisy classrooms. Teaching unions have also called for a limit of 26℃ to be put on classroom temperatures because teachers and pupils struggle to work in hot conditions, and some educationalists claim that too much clutter(雜亂的東西)on classroom walls can prevent children from concentrating.
Dr. Lees said, “When we take some research on school settings and put it all together, what we see is that education without silence does not make much sense. In areas of better learning outcomes, better selfconfidence and wellbeing measures, enforced silence in a persons life and an individuals education is shown throughout the relevant research to be a benefit. ”
Dozens of schools across Britain have already introduced periods of “reflective silence” into the timetable.
Kevin Hogston, head of Sheringdale Primary, south London, has just introduced a minutes silence at the start of twiceweekly meetings in which children are taught breathing techniques and encouraged to reflect. The school plans to introduce it into classrooms every day.
16. According to Dr. Helen Lees, “enforced silence” .
A. is an effective way of punishment
B. does not make much sense in class
C. can improve pupils confidence
D. makes pupils more creative
17. The underlined word “suppress” in the second paragraph probably means “”.
A. preventB. improveC. applyD. reveal
18. What can be inferred from the research on school settings?
A. Students are more active if taught in noisy classrooms.
B. Silence makes a great difference to pupils.
C. Clutter on the walls can help students concentrate.
D. Most schools are not satisfactory in terms of classroom temperatures.
19. What would be the best title for the text?
A. Arranging classroom settings benefits studies
B. Achieving silence is beneficial for people
C. Using enforced silence is effective punishment
D. Keeping quiet in class improves academic performance
第二節(jié)根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容,從短文后的選項(xiàng)中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。選項(xiàng)中有兩項(xiàng)為多余選項(xiàng)。
When I was a little girl, my mom would say, “Half the fun of doing anything is sharing it with others. ” 20 Friends and mates allow us to enjoy our successes and our joys, comfort us in our hard moments, and provide a mirror for us to learn more about ourselves. Ive always looked at friends as the family we choose. They enrich our lives. As Robert Louis Steven once said, “ 21 ”
To be a good friend or partner, its important to be a good listener. Hear what your friend or mate has to say first rather than jump to conclusions or get defensive. 22 When they hear their words repeated back to them, it can help them to realize what they said was not exactly what they meant to say.
23 You know the old golden rule, “Care for others the way you would like them to care for you. ” The support of a friend during a tough time could make the difference between success and failure. Encouragement and confidence are the gifts that can help change a persons life.
Take care, though, with whom you choose to have close relationship, for they can have a great effect on yourselfrespect and life path. As someone once told me “ 24 They will either take you up or down. ”
A. I am afraid so.
B. It is quite true.
C. Friendship is the most important factor.
D. Sometimes it is useful to be their mirror.
E. A friend is a present which you give yourself.
F. The attitudes of your friends are like the buttons on a lift.
G. Patience, sympathy and understanding are also important qualities.
答案解析
1. B【解析】考查冠詞用法。句意:這部新電影一發(fā)行就在全國各地的影院獲得了巨大的成功。句中第一個(gè)空處用定冠詞the, 表示特指。第二個(gè)空加不定冠詞,a(big/great)hit表示非常成功的影視作品、小說或演出等。
2. C【解析】考查非謂語動詞。句意:因?yàn)槊τ谶M(jìn)行一項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn),他不能抽出時(shí)間在家陪伴父母。occupy oneself in doing sth. 忙于某事。句中occupy動詞與主句主語為邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系,故要用動詞-ing形式,從句所表示的動作與主句的動作同時(shí)發(fā)生,因此要用現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式作狀語,而having occupied則表示從句的動作發(fā)生在主句之前。
3. B【解析】考查形容詞辨析。句意:――湯姆是個(gè)可信賴的年輕人,他不會讓我們失望的。――就是這樣,他總是言出必行。從第二個(gè)人的答語來看,既然湯姆言出必行,他就是一個(gè)可信賴的年輕人, reliable 可靠的,可信賴的;independent 獨(dú)立的;flexible 有彈性的,靈活的;confident 有信心的。
4. C【解析】考查狀語從句。句意:他的車在回家途中出了故障。當(dāng)他深夜回到家的時(shí)候,已經(jīng)是睡覺時(shí)間了。本句中when用于引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句,表示“當(dāng)……時(shí)候”。
5. D【解析】考查動詞時(shí)態(tài)。句意:――我發(fā)現(xiàn)我的時(shí)間太有限了。――噢,這并不讓人感到意外。你最近一直在為即將到來的競賽作準(zhǔn)備。根據(jù)句子語境和時(shí)間狀語recently可知,本句要用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí),表示從過去開始并且到目前還在進(jìn)行的動作。
6. B【解析】考查動詞短語辨析。句意:――媽媽,我不明白努力學(xué)習(xí)有什么意義。――好了,親愛的。數(shù)年的努力學(xué)習(xí)肯定會在你將來的事業(yè)中得到回報(bào)的。pay off 有報(bào)償;得到好處;收到效果; make sure 確保,保證;bring back 恢復(fù),使想起;pay back 償還。由句意可知,選項(xiàng)B正確。
7. C【解析】考查祈使句的用法。句意:請幫個(gè)忙――邀請我的朋友史密斯先生今晚7:30來青年影院好嗎?句中破折號之后的句子為祈使句結(jié)構(gòu),表示說話人的請求,用動詞原形開頭。本句也可表達(dá)為Please do me the favor to invite my friend Mr. Smith to Youth Theater at 7:30 tonight。
【易錯(cuò)提醒】本題易誤選A項(xiàng)。原因是未注意到題中標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號“―”,而誤以為此處用不定式作目的狀語。所以做題過程中要關(guān)注標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號,正確判斷句子結(jié)構(gòu),如果題目中無“―”,則選A。
8. A【解析】考查定語從句。句意:因?yàn)閷W(xué)生在校受傷或死亡的事故受到了頻繁的報(bào)道,校園安全已經(jīng)受到人們的極大關(guān)注。在句中由in which引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾先行詞accidents, in which也可替換成where在句中作地點(diǎn)狀語。
9. D【解析】考查部分倒裝句。句意:人們發(fā)現(xiàn)使用信用卡付賬如此方便以至于越來越多的人申請信用卡。在so…that…引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語從句中,如果將“so + adj. /adv”放在句首,則that之前的主句部分要使用部分倒裝,同時(shí)句中it為find的形式賓語,不可省略。將其還原成正常語序?yàn)椋篜eople find it so convenient to pay by credit card that more and more people apply for their credit cards. 。
10. B【解析】考查動詞短語辨析。句意:然而,一樁有愛的婚姻,卻不一定會最終都要有很多相同的志趣,共擔(dān)更多的責(zé)任。result in導(dǎo)致,造成,與句意相符; take over接管,接任,接收;hold on不掛斷電話;繼續(xù),堅(jiān)持;keep to堅(jiān)持;遵守。
11. D【解析】考查動詞時(shí)態(tài)。句意:――你似乎和約翰先生很熟?――當(dāng)然,在20世紀(jì)90年代我們曾共事過三年。根據(jù)第二個(gè)說話人所說的句子中的時(shí)間狀語in the 1990s可知,該句謂語動詞所表示的動作發(fā)生在過去,用一般過去時(shí)表述。
12. A【解析】考查情態(tài)動詞用法。句意:午休可以讓腦力恢復(fù)到最好的程度,使人們有更好的工作表現(xiàn)。can在句中用于表示可能性,意為“可以,可能,能夠, 會”。
13. B【解析】考查形容詞比較級用法。句意:――你覺得詹姆斯?卡梅隆的3D版《泰坦尼克號》怎么樣?――妙極了!這部電影再感人不過了,它給我們帶來了一次非常美好的體驗(yàn)。句中否定式與比較級連用,表示最高級概念。
14. C【解析】考查名詞性從句。句意:樓蘭是沒有見過沙漠的旅行者根本預(yù)料不到的地方。題干中not at all之后的部分為表語從句,其中所缺少部分為從句中的謂語動詞expect的賓語,故要用what, 表示“……的事物”。
15. B【解析】考查情景交際。句意:――你會接受他的求婚嗎?――我?不可能。他是世界上我最不想嫁的人。not likely不可能;not really 真的沒有,確實(shí)不是;not exactly不完全如此,不完全這樣。not nearly遠(yuǎn)非,相當(dāng)于far from。從He is the last man in the world I want to marry. 可知,第二個(gè)說話人根本不喜歡第一句對話中提到的那個(gè)人。
【方法技巧】
短語“Not really”已經(jīng)成為近幾年高考情景交際類試題的重要考點(diǎn)和熱點(diǎn)之一。現(xiàn)將“Not really”的常見口語用法歸結(jié)如下:
1. 表示輕微的否定,意為“不很”、“不十分”、“不完全是”等。例如:
1) ―Are you busy now? 你現(xiàn)在忙嗎?
―Oh, not really. Why? 哦,不怎么忙,有什么事?
2) ―Do you want to come along? 你想同我們一起去嗎?
―Not really. 不很想去。
3) ―He tried to explain it to me but I just couldnt understand. Do you?
他設(shè)法給我解釋,可我就是聽不懂。你懂嗎?
―Not really. 不很懂。
2. 表示懷疑或不相信,意為“不會吧”、“不見得”、“不會是真的吧”等。例如:
4) ―Hes leaving tomorrow. 他明天就要走了。
―Not really. 不會吧。
5) ―They got married last month. 他們上個(gè)月結(jié)婚了。
―Not really. 不會是真的吧!
3. 表示語氣很強(qiáng)的否定,意為“真的沒有”、“的確沒有”、“事實(shí)上沒有”等。例如:
6) ―Did you watch the news on TV last night?
你昨天晚上在電視上看這個(gè)新聞了嗎?
―Not really.
確實(shí)沒有。
第一節(jié)
【文章大意】研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在學(xué)校教育中,強(qiáng)制性的保持安靜對于學(xué)生能有更好的成績、自信和幸福可以起到重要的作用,正是鑒于此,英國的許多學(xué)校正在開展這種做法。
16. C【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。從文章第五段中的In areas of better learning outcomes, better selfconfidence and wellbeing measures, enforced silence in a persons life and an individuals education is shown throughout the relevant research to be a benefit. ”可知,強(qiáng)制性的保持安靜有利于提高學(xué)生的自信心。從文章第二段中is seen as a punishment and often acts to suppress childrens natural ability可知,它并不是一項(xiàng)有效的懲罰手段;第五段中what we see is that education without silence does not make much sense則說明課堂上沒有安靜的教育是沒有道理的;文章中沒有提到安靜可以使學(xué)生更具創(chuàng)造性,故不正確。
17. A【解析】詞義猜測題。從文章第二段中that “enforced silence” is seen as a punishment可知,下半句句意就為“限制了孩子們的天生的能力。”故suppress意為“阻止,防止”,與prevent一詞同義。
18. B【解析】推理判斷題。從文章第五段可以看出,如果學(xué)校的環(huán)境好的話,學(xué)生就會有更好的成績,有更好的自信心,給學(xué)生的成長帶來諸多方面的好處。故強(qiáng)制性的安靜對學(xué)生產(chǎn)生重要影響。
19. D【解析】主旨大意題。本篇為說明文,旨在向讀者說明強(qiáng)制性的安靜環(huán)境對學(xué)生在學(xué)業(yè)方面所帶來的積極影響。而在第一段就提到Encouraging pupils to keep noise to a minimum should be a valuable component of all childrens education,在第三段更進(jìn)一步說It is the latest in a string of researches to establish a link between the classroom environment and pupils academic ability. 。整篇都是圍繞這一話題展開和論述,故正確選項(xiàng)是D。
篇7
in addition 加上,又,另外
wipe out 消滅
lay the table 擺放餐具準(zhǔn)備用餐
as far as...be concerned 就……而言
figure out弄懂,弄明白,想出辦法
run for 競選
run after追趕,追逐
culture shock文化沖擊
future shock未來沖擊
shocked 感到震驚
shocking令人震驚
leave an impression on 給……留下……印象
decrease (in sth.) 減少;降低
Student numbers have decreased by 500.
clothes made to measure 訂做的衣服
pick out選出,揀出
pick up 拈起,學(xué)會,收聽到,搭載,康復(fù)
raise money 募捐/raise a question 提問題/raise cattle 養(yǎng)牛
endanger v. 危及,危害
endangered adj. 瀕臨滅絕的
forbid sb. to do禁止某人干某事
forbid doing禁止干某事
depend on 依靠,依賴
be desperate for = be desperate to
of one’s own (某人) 自己的=one’s own
on one’s own 單獨(dú)地,獨(dú)自地
do benefit to 對……有益
be of benefit to somebody 對……有益或有幫助
for the benefit of 為了……的利益
interfere with (短語動詞) 干擾,影響 (指不利影響)
use up 用完,耗盡
on a...note 從……角度來說,以……口氣說
figure out 理解,弄明白,演算出
follow (in) one’s footsteps 步某人的后塵,繼承某人的事業(yè)或傳統(tǒng)
in favor of意思是“贊同,支持”
spell disaster/trouble, etc. 引起 (造成、招致) 災(zāi)難、麻煩等
turn out 結(jié)果是,結(jié)果證明
【相關(guān)練習(xí)】
一、用所給詞匯的適當(dāng)形式填空
1. The floor requires (wash).
2. He could do nothing but (go) out for a walk alone.
3. I have never heard a single word (speak) in French.
4. Not all children had a chance (go) to school at that time.
5. The book (lie) on the table doesn’t belong to me.
6. They are practicing (sing) the new song.
7. I feel like (tell) him what I think of him.
8. We’d better keep a secret of the things (discuss) here now.
9. Hurry up! Mother is sure to (wait for) us at home.
10. Do you think the situation (encourage)?
11. The Giant Panda is known as the (nation) treasure of China.
12. How can I get the (dirty) off the walls?
13. You heard nothing (concern) this matter, did you?
14. A good sleeping bag is an essential part of every camper’s (equip).
15. You should employ a variety of (technical) in the test.
二、動詞填空
1. The cloning technology, (intend) to cure some diseases, is sometimes misused.
2. “Can’t you read?” said the man angrily (point) to the sign on the wall.
3. It’s a tragedy that man doesn’t realize that they (use up) the limited natural resources.
4. (boil) eggs are more beneficial to health than (fry) ones.
5. With great efforts (focus) on the conservation project, the number of pandas is steadily increasing.
6. The man (arrest) for stealing proved to be ill mentally.
7. (establish) in the 1780s, this university is now one of the oldest in the US.
8. (observe) the problem for many years, he announced that we are now facing the biggest environmental problem.
9. (prepare) fully, we can achieve great things.
10. He kept his tortoise (hide) in a blanket.
11. The first textbooks (write) for teaching English in China came out in the 16th century.
12. Most of the guests (invite) to the party were from South Africa.
13. The computer center, (open) last year, is intended to teach those who don’t know much about the computer.
14. The speaker raised her voice but still couldn’t make herself (hear).
15. With trees and flowers (plant) everywhere, my hometown has taken on a new look.
16. Jim was shocked to notice her hair (cut) short when Della returned home.
17. (leave) alone, the baby began to cry.
18. (clone) from ancell, Dolly the sheep looks exactly the same as her “mother” sheep.
19. Most beginners will take up a book, (determine) to master every word of it, only to give it up in the end.
20. “Must you make so much noise? You’re in the theatre.” said the man in an (irritate) voice.
【參考答案】
一、用所給詞匯的適當(dāng)形式填空
1. washing/to be washed2. go3. spoken4. to go5. lying6. singing
7. telling8. being discussed9. be waiting for10. encouraging
11. national12. dirt13. concerning14. equipment15. techniques
二、動詞填空
1. intended2. pointing3. are using up4. boiled; fried5. focused6. arrested7. Established
8. Having observed9. Prepared10. hidden11. written12. invited13. opened14. heard
15. planted16. cut17. Left18. Cloned19. determined20. irritated
Module 6
1. make fun of... 開……的玩笑,嘲笑……
It is fun to do sth. 做某事有趣
What fun it is to do sth.! 做某事多有趣啊!
2. in response to 對……做出反應(yīng)
3. award/prize/reward
(1) award 意為“獎(jiǎng),獎(jiǎng)品”, 指對于優(yōu)異成績或卓越貢獻(xiàn)經(jīng)過評定后正式授予的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì),可以是精神的,也可以是物質(zhì)的,常用于獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)名稱。
(2) prize意為“獎(jiǎng)賞,獎(jiǎng)品”,多指確認(rèn)某人在競賽中獲得的優(yōu)異成績并給予特殊的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。
(3) reward意為“報(bào)答,酬勞”,并不指某種榮譽(yù),而指應(yīng)得的報(bào)酬;也可以做動詞表示“給人以報(bào)酬、獎(jiǎng)賞”。
4. live/alive/living/lively
live adj. “活著的、活生生的、栩栩如生的”(與dead相對應(yīng)),只能作定語 (指動物),另外還有“現(xiàn)場直播的”意思。(反義詞recorded“錄制的,轉(zhuǎn)播的”)
alive adj.“活著的,健在的”,作表語;作定語需后置。(一般用于人,有時(shí)也用于動物)
living adj.“活著的;有生命的”。既可以作定語,也可作表語。“生物”只能譯作living things。
lively adj. 生動的,活潑的
5. worthwhile/worth/worthy三個(gè)都是形容詞,都是“值得的”意思,但所使用的句型不同。
(1) worthwhile 用于下列句型:
It is worthwhile doing sth./to do sth. 干某事是值得的
但不能說:sth. is worthwhile doing/to do。
(2) worth 用于下列句型:
sth. is worth sth./doing
此句型中只能用doing, 不能使用被動。 在表達(dá)“很值得”時(shí)前面加well 修飾。
The museum is certainly worth a visit. = The museum is certainly worth visiting.
這個(gè)博物館的確值得參觀。
This idea is well worth considering. 這個(gè)想法很值得考慮。
(3) worthy 用于下列句型:
sth. be worthy of sth./being done
sth. be worthy to be done
The film is worthy of being seen. = The film is worthy to be seen. 這部電影值得看。
6. raise price 提高物價(jià)
raise one’s hope 喚起希望
raise money 籌款
另外,raise 還可以表示提出問題,如:This book raises many important questions.
rise vi. 不能帶賓語,不能用于被動,可以表示“上漲,上升”,還可以表示“起身,起立”, 比如:rise to one’s feet = stand up;又如: Air pollution has risen above an acceptable level. 空氣污染已經(jīng)超標(biāo)。
7. tear vt. & vi. (tore, torn) 撕扯;撕下;n. 眼淚;淚珠 (常用復(fù)數(shù)tears)
【相關(guān)詞組】
tear...down 撕掉;拆毀
tear...into pieces 把……撕成碎片
tear...in two = tear...into halves 把……撕成兩半
tear oneself / sb. away from sth./sb. 掙開;拽開;揪走
in tears哭
8. hold out 拿出,伸出;堅(jiān)持,維持
【相關(guān)拓展】
與hold 相關(guān)的短語
hold back 阻攔;隱瞞;抑制
hold on (在困境或危險(xiǎn)中) 堅(jiān)持住,挺住; 別掛斷,等一下
hold on to 抓緊,不放開; 保留不賣或不送
hold up 舉起,支撐;延遲,阻塞
9. adapt to...
1) vi. 適應(yīng),適合:Most students have little difficulty adapting to college life.
2) vt. 使適應(yīng),使適合:Course can be adapted to the needs of the individual.
3) vt. 改編,改寫:adapt sth. from sth.
如:The film is adapted from a Michael Crichton’s novel.
10. go wrong 出毛病,發(fā)生故障;變糟,變壞
go 的用法:go 在此處充當(dāng)系動詞,后加形容詞做表語,表示變化 (通常是由正常變?yōu)椴徽#米兂蓧? 。
【相關(guān)拓展】 go deaf 變聾;go blind 變瞎;go sour 變酸;go pale 變蒼白;go mad 變瘋;go bad 變質(zhì)
【相關(guān)練習(xí)】
一、單詞拼寫
1. There is a long q of people waiting for buying new houses.
2. The match will be b live on TV this evening. Don’t miss it.
3. The kids were a by my funny drawings and began to laugh.
4. Qi Baishi was an o artist in China. He was very famous.
5. It is well w making the effort to learn how to drive.
6. Everyone was a by the heavy traffic in the city.
7. She t the letter into pieces and walked out quickly.
8. As the s goes, “It is never too old to learn.”
9. He tried to avoid all (身體的) touch.
10. The government’s help was of great importance during the (緊急情況).
11. Considering what he did, I think the punishment was (恰當(dāng)?shù)?.
12. My host family, like other Americans, were so (富有幽默感的) that they often made fun of themselves.
二、用所給短語的正確形式填空
make fun of; in response to; take on; tear down; glare at; hold out; make sense; be supposed to;make room for; dash out; look up; lose weight; follow in the footsteps of; have effects on
1. He was often at school, which deeply hurt him.
2. According to the stage directions, you to stand here, not there.
3. You don’t have to every word you don’t know. Just look at the words around it to see if the sentence .
4. He other famous scientists and tried to make contributions to the important research.
5. He removed the pile of newspaper to books he just bought.
6. They each other and it seemed that a fight would soon happen.
7. Laughter positive people’s health.
8. He his hand to stop a taxi.
9. The building is too old to be safe, so it has to be .
10. The insect can the colors of the background to protect itself.
【參考答案】
一、單詞拼寫
1. queue2. broadcast/broadcasted3. amused4. outstanding5. worth6. annoyed7. tore8. saying9. physical10. emergency11. appropriate12. humorous
二、用所給短語的正確形式填空
1. made fun of2. are supposed to3. look up; makes sense4. followed in the footsteps of5. make room for6. glared at7. has...effects on8. held out9. torn down 10. take on
Module 7
1. in black and white白紙黑字(即把某事寫下來或印出來);黑白(影片)的in color彩色的/地
2. superior adj. (在職位、權(quán)力等方面) 較高的,上級的;優(yōu)越的;高傲的;不屈服的
be superior to ... 比……優(yōu)越、超過……;不屈服于……、不為……所動
3. access n. 接近、進(jìn)入、通路;接近 (或進(jìn)入) 的方法 (或權(quán)力、機(jī)會等)
have (no) access to ... (沒有機(jī)會或不) 可以使用……
get access to ...可以接近、進(jìn)入……
4. combine ... with ...使……同……結(jié)合;將……同……聯(lián)系起來
5. electric adj. 電的;發(fā)電的;電動的;用電的;導(dǎo)電的
electrical adj. 電的;電氣科學(xué)的
electronic adj. 電子的
如:an electric fan/blanket 電風(fēng)扇/電熱毯;an electrical engineer 電器工程師
an electronic music 電子樂器
6. apply vi. 請求、申請;有效、有關(guān)
【相關(guān)短語】
apply for... 申請……
apply to sb. for ... 請求某人 (給予) ……
apply to ... 和……有關(guān);適合……
apply ... to ... 將……應(yīng)用于……
apply oneself to ... 專心致志于……
7. spring vi. 跳、躍;突然出現(xiàn);發(fā)生、迅速長出
spring up 跳起來;突然出現(xiàn)
8. It’s up to sb. to do ... 該由/輪到某人做……
9. pros and cons 贊成者和反對者;正面和反面的理由
10. base vt. 以……為基礎(chǔ);以……為根據(jù)
base ... on ... (be based on ...) 根據(jù)……;基于……
11. equal adj. 相等的;同等的;平等的
be equal to ... 等于/相當(dāng)于……;勝任;without equal 無比、無敵
12. previous adj. 先前的;以前的;previous to ... 在……之前
【相關(guān)練習(xí)】
單項(xiàng)填空
1. Heilongjiang Province is north of Liaoning. Harbin, its capital city, lies the Songhuajiang River.
A. to; onB. in the; in
C. 不填; onD. to the; in
2. To fully understand the writer, we must read not only between the lines, but sometimes the lines.
A. withinB. beyond
C. besideD. among
3. He got to the station early, missing his train.
A. in the case ofB. instead of
C. for fear ofD. in search of
4. Although Tom agreed with her on most points, here was one which he was unwilling to give in.
A. onB. in
C. toD. with
5. For holidays, many people visit the Great Barrier Reef the northeast coast of Australia, which has 700 islands.
A. onB. in
C. toD. off
6. As we all know, several primary schools and factories were named the hero.
A. fromB. at
C. afterD. to
7. the weather, the athletic meeting will be held on time.
A. In contrast withB. In relation to
C. On behalf ofD. Regardless of
8. Mr. Johnson starts to work very early in the morning and goes on working until late in the afternoon a break at midday.
A. withB. for
C. asD. through
9. ―Tang Gonghong is indeed too large, I think.
―But that she is an excellent weightlifting athlete.
A. in addition toB. in spite of
C. thanks toD. owing to
10. I certainly agree your suggestion. But I wonder if all the members of the board will agree the steps for the coming year.
A. to; withB. to; on
C. on; withD. on; on
11. Though this has been written the agreement, it is not protected law.
A. by; inB. in; with
C. in; byD. by; with
12. The better use you can make time, the greater contributions you will make society.
A. in; toB. of; to
C. on; forD. up; for
13. The child was lost in the forest, where he was the mercy of wild beasts.
A. inB. on
C. forD. at
14. the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday.
A. Instead ofB. Because of
C. But forD. As for
15. Mr. Brown’s anger, it was his own son who didn’t agree with him.
A. ToB. From
C. WithD. For
16. However much , it will be worth it.
A. does the watch costB. costs the watch
C. the watch will costD. the watch costs
17. It was between 1830 and 1835 the modern newspaper was born.
A. howB. that
C. whichD. because
18. ―Have you written these letters?
―No, time to do my other work yet.
A. I have hardly hadB. I hardly have had
C. I have had hardlyD. Hardly I have had
19. Would you be kind as to step this way, please?
A. asB. so
C. veryD. too
20. ―Would you be able to come to the party?
―I .
A. believe itB. don’t expect
C. don’t hope soD. am afraid not
【參考答案】
1―5 CBCCD6―10 CDABB11―15 CBDCA16―20 DBABD
Module 8
1. books in print印刷書
2. have/be nothing to do with與……無關(guān)
3. have a place in占有一席之地
4. be lost to the world對世界是損失
5. be set in England以英國為背景
6. be well received受到好評
7. a symbol of danger and uncertainty危險(xiǎn)和不確定的象征
8. can hardly/not wait to do sth. 迫不及待做某事
9. be bent on doing一心想做某事
10. a fancy education 華而不實(shí)的教育
11. make the acquaintance of sb. 結(jié)識某人
12. be abused by受虐待
13. have/earn a reputation for being funny and charming 以風(fēng)趣和魅力而獲得……名聲
14. romantic theme浪漫的主題
15. give away the story揭示整個(gè)故事
16. be drunk with power醉心于權(quán)術(shù)
17. exercise control over 控制
18. split up使……分開;分裂
19. be heavily influenced by深受……的影響
20. be anchored in扎根于
21. have a sort of swinging to the music隨著音樂搖擺
22. release the very first rock and roll song發(fā)行第一首搖滾歌曲
23. be drafted into the army被征召入伍
24. go out on tours外出巡演
25. leave out省略
26. negotiate with...同……進(jìn)行談判
27. start from scratch從頭開始;白手起家
28. be admitted to Tsinghua University被清華大學(xué)錄取
29. dip into浸入,瀏覽
30. have a go試一試
31. in defence of justice維護(hù)正義
32. regardless of the consequences不管;不顧后果
【相關(guān)練習(xí)】
單項(xiàng)填空
1. to train his daughter in English, he put an ad like this in the paper, “, an English teacher for a tenyearold girl.”
A. Determined; Wanted
B. Determined; Wanting
C. Determine; Wanted
D. Determining; Wanting
2. He is English well.
A. bent to learningB. bent on learning
C. bending to learnD. bending on learning
3. Animals suffered at the hands of Man they were destroyed by people to make way for agricultural land to provide food for more people.
A. in whichB. for which
C. so thatD. in that
4. These children’s books are so exciting that they into films.
A. deserve to be adapted
B. deserve to adapt
C. deserve adapted
D. deserve to be adapting
5. The performance of the host, to please the audience and draw their attention, with a cold silence, however.
A. had intended; greeted
B. intended; was greeted
C. intending; was greeted
D. intended; greeted
6. ―Why not play the music we listened to yesterday?
―Because it old times.
A. calls onB. calls for
C. calls inD. calls up
7. Having paid off all their , the Smiths are now financial problems.
A. debts; free offB. money; free of
C. debts; free fromD. money; free for
8. He has a (an) career women, thinking women should stay at home.
A. thought aboutB. idea about
C. prejudice againstD. view of
9. Traveling abroad during holidays has been made with people’s income increasing.
A. it was possibleB. it possible
C. possibleD. that possible
10. , he never seems able to do the work beautifully.
A. Try as he doesB. As he tries
C. Try as does heD. As he does try
11. Eric is not at the moment. Should I ask him to call you back?
A. invisibleB. available
C. contagiousD. defenseless
12. Without more coal the fire, it would soon go out.
A. added toB. added
C. adding toD. adding up to
13. Psychologists say that our emotions will make us feel better and there is nothing to be ashamed of.
A. relievingB. relaxing
C. releasingD. removing
14. The doctor advised me to live it is warm and a bit humid for the sake of my pneumonia.
A. in whereB. in which
C. the place whereD. where
15. This is a film Zhao Wei, who will as a young widow.
A. starred; be castB. starring; be cast
C. to star; castD. starring; cast
16. Their parents passed away in World War Ⅱ, leaving them a lot of debts. However, they up a company and paid off all the debts.
A. could buildB. managed in building
C. were able to buildD. succeeded to build
17. I made of Mary at a party last year, and since then we have kept in touch with each other.
A. acquisitionB. acquaintance
C. recognitionD. the acquaintance
18. Its origins are anchored in the folk songs of black Americans from the period of slavery. Which expressions can take the place of the underlined expression?
A. are rooted inB. appear
C. come into being D. come out
19. News reports say peace talks between the two countries with no agreement reached.
A. have broken down B. have broken out
C. have broken inD. have broken up
20. During the 1950s, R&B changed modern music further and led to we know as rock and roll.
A. thatB. what
C. whichD. where
21. If you hurry up, you can be the last train to Shanghai.
A. in time forB. in time
C. in the timeD. in time to
22. You must last night, for you cried for help while sleeping.
A. dream of being chased
B. dream of chasing
C. have dreamed of being chased
D. have dreamed to be chased
23. Why? I have nothing to confess. you want to say?
A. What is it thatB. What it is that
C. How is it thatD. How it is that
24. in the repair shop, he drove his brother’s instead.
A. RepairedB. Repairing
C. Being repairedD. His car being repaired
25. late it was, he used to visit his mother on his way home every day.
A. HoweverB. Whatever
C. WhateverD. No matter when
26. is known to all that it is an effort that we can’t expect to succeed.
A. As; notB. It; not without
C. As; noD. It; without
27. With all the magazines I needed , I left the post office.
A. buyingB. to buy
C. boughtD. to be bought
28. In the new city there wasn’t a single person the poor boy could turn for help.
A. thatB. who
C. from whomD. to whom
29. I don’t think Japanese is as Chinese.
A. language as difficult
B. as a difficult language
C. a difficult language as
D. as difficult a language
30. She was such a proud person that she would die she would admit she was wrong.
A. rather thanB. until
C. afterD. before
【參考答案】
1―5 ABDAB6―10 DCCCA 11―15 BACDB
篇8
摘要:我國的成人教育非英語專業(yè)的本科學(xué)生想要順利獲取學(xué)士學(xué)位,首先必須通過各省組織的成人高等教育學(xué)士學(xué)位英語考試。但是,由于成教學(xué)生所受教育程度的限制,他們的英語水平往往不是很高,這就直接導(dǎo)致了該考試的通過率不是很高,很多考生無法順利申報(bào)學(xué)士學(xué)位。為了改善這種情況,本文以廣東省成人高等教育學(xué)士學(xué)位英語考試為例,分析了該考試的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn),并提出了針對性的應(yīng)試技巧,以期對參加考試的廣大考生有所幫助。
關(guān)鍵詞:成人教育,學(xué)士學(xué)位英語考試,重難點(diǎn),分析
一.廣東省成人高等教育學(xué)士學(xué)位英語考試簡介
廣東省成人高等教育學(xué)士學(xué)位英語考試(以下簡稱"學(xué)位英語考試")是廣東省學(xué)位委員會組織的考試,是在廣東省內(nèi)非英語專業(yè)的成教本科夜大和函授形式的學(xué)生取得學(xué)士學(xué)位必須通過的一項(xiàng)考試。其目的是為了檢測本地區(qū)成人教育系列中非外語專業(yè)本科畢業(yè)生申請學(xué)士學(xué)位者的英語語言知識和英語運(yùn)用等相關(guān)能力,考查其是否達(dá)到普通本科教育非英語專業(yè)英語教學(xué)大綱的一般要求,以保證成人本科畢業(yè)生學(xué)士學(xué)位的授予質(zhì)量。
成人英語教學(xué)的目的是培養(yǎng)學(xué)生具有較強(qiáng)的閱讀能力,一定的英漢互譯能力和初步的聽力能力,使他們能以英語為工具,獲取專業(yè)所需要的信息,并為進(jìn)一步提高英語水平打下較好的基礎(chǔ)。為此,本考試主要考核學(xué)生運(yùn)用語言的能力,要求考生能夠較熟練地掌握英語基本語法和常用詞匯,具有較強(qiáng)的閱讀能力和語言綜合運(yùn)用能力。
二. 廣東省成人高等教育學(xué)士學(xué)位英語考試重難點(diǎn)分析
廣東省成人高等教育學(xué)士學(xué)位英語考試分為試卷一和試卷二。試卷一以客觀題為主,包括會話技能、閱讀理解、單項(xiàng)選擇(詞匯和語法)、完形填空四種題型,試卷二為主觀題即短文寫作。整個(gè)試卷的考試時(shí)間為兩個(gè)小時(shí),滿分為100分。
具體試卷結(jié)構(gòu)如下表所示:
從各部分的題目分值和考試參考時(shí)間來看,整個(gè)試卷閱讀理解部分分值最高,占40分,且考試參考時(shí)間為40分鐘,也是整個(gè)考試中考生需要耗時(shí)最長的一部分。根據(jù)筆者近幾年對學(xué)生進(jìn)行學(xué)位英語考試輔導(dǎo)的過程中所總結(jié)出的經(jīng)驗(yàn),學(xué)生在進(jìn)行模擬測試的過程中如果在閱讀理解部分的得分在30分至40分之間,有超過85%的學(xué)生能夠在最后的測試總成績上及格。因此,閱讀理解部分是是整個(gè)學(xué)位英語考試中的重點(diǎn)所在。考生是否能在閱讀理解部分拿到高分,將是考生能否順利通過學(xué)位英語考試的關(guān)鍵。
從學(xué)位英語考試的內(nèi)容來看,第三部分單項(xiàng)選擇是專門針對詞匯和語法出題,主要考察考生對所掌握的詞匯和語法知識進(jìn)行選擇、辨別和應(yīng)用的能力。由于成人教育的學(xué)生大部分是在工作數(shù)年后再返校繼續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)的,他們在英語學(xué)習(xí)上存在著不連貫性,且普遍存在著詞匯量少,語感不強(qiáng),語法規(guī)則一知半解等弱點(diǎn)。因此,在學(xué)位英語考試中,專門針對考生弱點(diǎn)的詞匯和語法部分的試題,對廣大考生來說無疑是一項(xiàng)巨大的挑戰(zhàn),是整個(gè)考試中的難點(diǎn)所在。
通過以上分析可知,參加學(xué)位英語考試的考生只有有效地加強(qiáng)閱讀理解(考試重點(diǎn))以及詞匯和語法(考試難點(diǎn))這兩方面的訓(xùn)練,才能在考試中做到得心應(yīng)手、胸有成竹。
三.成人學(xué)士學(xué)位英語考試閱讀理解部分應(yīng)試技巧-以2011年真題為例
鑒于閱讀理解部分是整個(gè)學(xué)位英語考試的重點(diǎn),考生在考試前需要花大量時(shí)間圍繞該部分進(jìn)行復(fù)習(xí)訓(xùn)練,整個(gè)復(fù)習(xí)訓(xùn)練主要包括前期自由閱讀和后期解題技巧兩方面。
在前期自由閱讀訓(xùn)練中,考生應(yīng)從報(bào)刊、書籍和網(wǎng)站等各種渠道收集符合考試水平程度的各類英語文章來進(jìn)行閱讀訓(xùn)練。閱讀時(shí)要多積累有用詞匯以擴(kuò)大備考詞匯量,同時(shí)還要多思考,加深對英語文章的語篇意思、邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)和一些細(xì)節(jié)的理解,從整體上提高自身的閱讀理解水平。同時(shí),考生還需進(jìn)行略讀、速讀、研讀和整體閱讀等各種閱讀方法的訓(xùn)練,以保證合適的閱讀速度;后期的解題技巧訓(xùn)練則要求考生進(jìn)行實(shí)戰(zhàn)訓(xùn)練。此時(shí)考生應(yīng)選擇歷年學(xué)位英語考試真題,學(xué)位英語考試模擬題或者如CET-4或PETS-3等測試水平程度略高于學(xué)位英語考試的各類英語考試的閱讀題來進(jìn)行做題訓(xùn)練,不斷提高自身的解題技巧。
閱讀理解的解題技巧除了要求考生針對閱讀理解題目中的中心思想題、事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題、邏輯推理題、語義詞義題和態(tài)度理解題等不同題型訓(xùn)練相應(yīng)的應(yīng)試技巧,還應(yīng)包括對整體解題步驟的訓(xùn)練。通常情況下我們將閱讀理解的解題步驟稱為還原定位法,即把試題準(zhǔn)確地在原文中進(jìn)行定位,找到答案所在的句子。這種方法的運(yùn)用有三個(gè)步驟:
1. 先看試題,后讀原文。這樣做既節(jié)省了時(shí)間,又提高了做題的效率和準(zhǔn)確度。
2. 對試題在原文中的位置進(jìn)行模糊定位。因?yàn)樵囶}的出題順序和文章的敘述順序存在高度的一致性。
3. 對試題在原文中的位置進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確定位。此步驟實(shí)施的前提是抓住試題中的標(biāo)志詞和關(guān)鍵詞。標(biāo)志詞主要包括(1)專有名詞;(2)表示時(shí)間或年代的詞;(3)專業(yè)術(shù)語。關(guān)鍵詞是指表達(dá)試題內(nèi)容的中心詞,一般是試題中的名詞和名詞詞組。
下面以2011年廣東省成人學(xué)士學(xué)位英語考試閱讀理解部分的部分真題(閱讀原文略)為例來具體分析閱讀理解部分的解題技巧在實(shí)際例題中的應(yīng)用。
例1. The letter in the bottle was written in ____. (2011年真題第17題,閱讀理解Passage 1)
A. Russian B. English C. French D. German
解:本題的標(biāo)志詞為"letter in the bottle",關(guān)鍵詞是"was written in..."。結(jié)合關(guān)鍵詞和四個(gè)選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容考生可知本題要求了解瓶中信書寫所使用的語言,是一道事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。考生在閱讀到原文第三段"His father, who knows a little German, translated the letter."的時(shí)候,可以對本題進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確定位。此句意思為"他的父親,懂得一點(diǎn)德語,翻譯了信件。" 因此,D項(xiàng)"German"為正確選項(xiàng)。
例2. According to the text, recent high school graduates _____ in American colleges. (2011年真題第27題,閱讀理解Passage 3)
A. are a majority B. are a minority
C. form two-thirds of the students D. are no more than adult students
解:本題的標(biāo)志詞為"American colleges",關(guān)鍵詞是"recent high school graduates"。通過標(biāo)志詞和關(guān)鍵詞考生可定位到原文第二段"...recent high school graduates no longer dominate the college campuses. Adults of all ages return to the classroom, ..."。從該句的意思考生可以判斷出最近在美國大學(xué)中高中畢業(yè)生的數(shù)量并不多于成人學(xué)生的數(shù)量,因此D項(xiàng)為正確選項(xiàng)。
例3. What does the word "suing" in the first sentence mean? (2011年真題第31題,閱讀理解Passage 4)
A. Attacking B. Mentioning
C. Complaining about D. Taking a legal action against
解:本題的關(guān)鍵詞為"suing",根據(jù)題干,考生可以直接定位到原文第一段第一句。由于考生對于"suing"一詞不熟悉,可以通過"上下文間意義的聯(lián)系"的方法來猜測"suing"的詞義。通過深度閱讀,原文在第一、二、四這幾段中還分別出現(xiàn)了"going to court","lawyer","legal action"等詞匯,考生可以猜測"suing"一詞的詞義為"",D項(xiàng)為正確選項(xiàng)。
四. 成人學(xué)士學(xué)位英語考試詞匯和語法部分應(yīng)試技巧-以2011年真題為例
詞匯和語法部分是大部分成教本科學(xué)生的弱項(xiàng),是他們在考試中的難點(diǎn)所在。考生在備考的過程中,必須以詞匯為基礎(chǔ),加強(qiáng)對考綱所規(guī)定的4250個(gè)單詞和500個(gè)短語的記憶以及閱讀訓(xùn)練中擴(kuò)展詞匯的記憶,同時(shí)對考綱所規(guī)定的十種重點(diǎn)語法內(nèi)容要反復(fù)學(xué)習(xí)并結(jié)合大量例題進(jìn)行實(shí)戰(zhàn)訓(xùn)練,以找到解題的規(guī)律。
詞匯部分主要是針對以下三種類型的詞匯出題。因此,考生在記憶的過程中要將此三類詞匯單獨(dú)歸納出來,重點(diǎn)分析,重點(diǎn)記憶。
1. 近義詞和近形詞的辨析
對于近義詞,考生要注意區(qū)分近義詞在不同語境中的應(yīng)用,掌握詞匯的意義和用法上的細(xì)微差別,才能選準(zhǔn)答案;對于近形詞,考生要加強(qiáng)對相同前綴和后綴的詞的記憶和辨析。
例1. During the afternoon Marilla kept the child busy with _____ tasks and watched over her with a keen eye when she did them. (2011年真題第43題)
A. various B. curious C. anxious D. obvious
解:本題四個(gè)選項(xiàng)都有"-ious"的后綴,屬于近形詞。A項(xiàng)意思是"各種各樣的",B項(xiàng)意思是"好奇的",C項(xiàng)意思是"焦慮的",D項(xiàng)意思是"明顯的"。本題題干表述的意思是"下午Marilla會用不同的任務(wù)讓孩子忙碌起來,并在孩子進(jìn)行任務(wù)時(shí)用敏銳的眼光觀察她。"四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有A項(xiàng)表達(dá)了"不同的,多樣的"的意思,A項(xiàng)為正確選項(xiàng)。
2. 動詞短語辨析
主要考察(1)不同動詞搭配同一個(gè)介詞或副詞所構(gòu)成的短語的對比;(2)同一動詞加不同介詞或副詞所構(gòu)成的短語的辨析。考生在復(fù)習(xí)備考時(shí)要多對此類詞匯歸納總結(jié),對比記憶。
例2. Many thousands have benefited _____ the new medical system. (2011年真題第53題)
A. on B. in C. to D. from
解:本題主要考察動詞"benefit"后加上不同的介詞所構(gòu)成的短語的辨析。在四個(gè)供選擇的介詞中,A、B、C項(xiàng)的介詞并不能和benefit構(gòu)成有效短語,只有D項(xiàng)from可以和benefit構(gòu)成benefit from,意思為"從......中獲益",符合題干的意思,因此D項(xiàng)為正確選項(xiàng)。
3. 其他固定搭配及習(xí)慣用法
指的是考察名詞、形容詞、動詞、介詞詞組的各種固定搭配和用法,還有一些習(xí)語和成語的構(gòu)成及意義。這些搭配都屬于英語的習(xí)慣用法,沒有什么規(guī)律。這就要求考生平時(shí)多積累,多注意。
例3. The father went to the door in ____ to a knock from outside. (2011年真題第40題)
A. answer B. difficulty C. regard D. case
解:本題的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中,A項(xiàng)和C項(xiàng)分別與題中的介詞"in"和"to"可以構(gòu)成固定搭配,"in answer to"的意思是"對......的回答,回復(fù)","in regard to"的意思是"關(guān)于......的",B項(xiàng)和D項(xiàng)分別可以和"in"構(gòu)成固定搭配,意思分別為"處于困難之中"和"萬一"的意思。根據(jù)本題題干所表述的意思"父親朝大門走去,回應(yīng)門外響起的敲門聲。",A項(xiàng)是正確選項(xiàng)。
在語法部分的復(fù)習(xí)中,考生要對考綱規(guī)定的十種語法中"虛擬語氣"、"非謂語動詞"和"定語從句"這三種語法進(jìn)行重點(diǎn)研究,因?yàn)檫@三種語法是英語語法學(xué)習(xí)中的難點(diǎn),也是歷年考試中語法部分常考的語法點(diǎn),是考生們必須重點(diǎn)關(guān)注的對象。
例4.If Peter had given up his part-time job, he _____ the final exam. (2011年真題第56題)
A. might pass B. might have passed C. has passed D. had passed
解:本題考查的是虛擬語氣的語法點(diǎn)。題中if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句出現(xiàn)了"had given"這個(gè)過去完成時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu),說明此句中所呈現(xiàn)出的是與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣。按照語法規(guī)則,主句中的動詞結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)該是"情態(tài)動詞加現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)",比較四個(gè)選項(xiàng),B選項(xiàng)符合要求。
例5._____ his last word, he got into a taxi and disappeared in no time. (2011年真題第63題)
A. Finishing B. Finished C. Having finished D. To finish
解:本題考查的是非謂語動詞的語法點(diǎn),主要是現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞在應(yīng)用中的區(qū)別。按照分詞作狀語的用法,本題中"finish"一詞和其邏輯上的主語"he"應(yīng)該是一種主謂的關(guān)系,作狀語時(shí)應(yīng)該使用finish的現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu),只有A項(xiàng)和C項(xiàng)符合要求。但是本題從句中"finish"一詞和主句中"get into,disappear"二詞在發(fā)生時(shí)間上并無先后差異,不應(yīng)采用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成時(shí)結(jié)構(gòu),因此C項(xiàng)也可以排除。A項(xiàng)是正確答案。
例6.The tall tree, ______ leaves are darker than those of the other two, is as old as grandpa. (2011年真題第71題)
A. which B. whose C. of which D. that
解:本題考查的是定語從句中關(guān)系代詞的用法。句中"tall trees"和 "leaves"有一種所屬的關(guān)系,因此本題中需選擇的關(guān)系代詞要在定語從句中作定語修飾"leaves", 表達(dá) "......的"的意思。比較四個(gè)選項(xiàng),只有B項(xiàng)"whose"符合題意。
五. 結(jié)論
廣東省成人高等教育學(xué)士學(xué)位英語考試是一門正規(guī)的、系統(tǒng)的考試,能否通過該考試將直接決定考生們能否獲取成人高等教育學(xué)士學(xué)位。由于成人教育本科學(xué)生在英語水平上的局限性和因工作原因所導(dǎo)致的復(fù)習(xí)備考時(shí)間的不充足,因此廣大考生們在準(zhǔn)備考試的過程中一定要有所針對性,即抓住本考試的重點(diǎn)(閱讀理解)和難點(diǎn)(詞匯和語法),并為之展開具體有效的復(fù)習(xí),這樣才能保證成人學(xué)士學(xué)位英語考試的通過率。
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1] 廣東省學(xué)位委員會辦公室,廣東省成人高等教育成人學(xué)士學(xué)位英語水平考試大綱[M],中山大學(xué)音像出版社
篇9
關(guān)鍵詞: 英語詞匯 拉丁化 來源 特征及影響
英語的全部詞匯約有100萬。按其起源,可分為本族語(native words)和外來詞(loan words or borrowed words)。據(jù)斯基特《詞源詞典》(Skeat’s Etymological Dictionary)中記載,土生土長的英語詞匯只占22.6%,直接或間接來自法語的詞匯占英語詞匯的26.4%,直接來自拉丁語的占15.8%,由于法語屬拉丁語系,很多來自法語的詞也是拉丁詞根,所以英語詞匯里直接或間接來自拉丁語的就占英語全部詞匯的42%,占英語外來詞匯一半以上。拉丁語對英語的影響,尤其是對詞匯的影響最為深刻。英語詞匯中為什么會有如此多的拉丁語成分?語言的變化折射出社會歷史和文化的發(fā)展,本文擬從歷史的角度尋找英語詞匯拉丁化的蹤跡。
1.早期拉丁語借詞的來源
早在盎格魯?撒克遜入侵大不列顛之前,他們就與歐洲的羅馬人有所交往,表示羅馬人特有事物的一些拉丁語隨之進(jìn)入日爾曼語族各語言中。一些表示水果、蔬菜、廚房用具等名稱的拉丁語影響了古英語。如表示“櫻桃”的拉丁詞“castanea”,在古英語中為“cesten”;表示“廚房”的拉丁詞“coquina”,在古英語里為“cycene”。
這一時(shí)期的拉丁語對英語的影響不是在大不列顛本島上。古英語里的少量的拉丁語借詞實(shí)際上是由日爾曼人帶來的,而且基本上已經(jīng)被英語化了。
公元597年羅馬教皇派傳教使團(tuán)到大不列顛宣傳基督教信仰,使那里的人皈依基督教。由于拉丁語是教會通用的語言,許多拉丁語逐漸被運(yùn)用到英語詞匯之中,但這些詞匯主要與宗教或宗教儀式有關(guān),如:canticle(圣歌),cantor(領(lǐng)唱者),abbot(男修道院院長),candle(蠟燭),devil(魔鬼),antichrist(反對基督者),congregation(會眾、集合),disciple(信徒),eternal(不朽的),martyr(殉道者),offer(供奉),chrism(圣油),dirge(哀悼歌),font(洗禮盆),prophet(先知),sabbath(安息日),alms(施舍),discipline(戒律),minister(牧師),mass(民眾),monk(僧侶),nun(修女),pope(羅馬教皇),paradise(天堂),saint(圣徒),creed(信條)等。另外由于基督教文明和寺院文化與大眾普遍接觸并廣泛傳播和深入人心,許多拉丁語詞匯也深入到表達(dá)日常生活內(nèi)容的詞匯中,如:spend(花費(fèi)),chest(胸部),pail(桶),cook(廚師),fiddle(小提琴),pear(梨),accent(口音),term(期限),camp(營地),mile(英里),wine(酒),linen(亞麻布),wall(墻壁),fever(發(fā)燒),giant(巨大的),port(港口),mount(山),plant(植物),polite(有禮貌的),radish(小蘿卜),pike(長矛),viper(毒蛇),camel(駱駝),scorpion(蝎子),tiger(老虎)等。
上面這些單詞無論是讀音還是拼寫早已被英語所同化,一般人很難辨認(rèn)出它們是來自于拉丁語。這些拉丁語詞匯被借用得早,使用的時(shí)間又非常長,已完全融入到英語詞匯之中,成為現(xiàn)代英語詞匯的有機(jī)組成部分。
2.諾曼征服對英語詞匯的影響
中古英語時(shí)期,拉丁語對英語詞匯的影響也是不可低估的。諾曼征服造成英國出現(xiàn)英語、法語、拉丁語三語并存的現(xiàn)象。法語屬拉丁語系,有不少的詞匯來自于拉丁語,大量的法語詞匯進(jìn)入英語詞匯中,對拉丁語進(jìn)入英語詞匯起到推波助瀾的作用。此外,諾曼人帶來法國的文明使得英國的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化空前地繁榮起來,不少拉丁語的著作被翻譯成英語,不少的拉丁語詞匯也流入到英語詞匯中。現(xiàn)在很難判斷哪些詞是通過法語進(jìn)入英語還是英語直接從拉丁語借來的,但在科學(xué)、文學(xué)、軍事、法律、神學(xué)、醫(yī)學(xué)等相關(guān)領(lǐng)域均可看見拉丁借詞的身影。例如:abject(可憐的),adjacent(鄰近的),allegory(諷喻),conspiracy(陰謀),contempt(輕蔑),custody(拘留),equivalent(相等的),frustrate(挫敗),genius(天才),gesture(姿勢),homicide(殺人),immune(免除),incarnate(體現(xiàn)),incredible(不可相信),incumbent(義不容辭),index(索引),individual(個(gè)人的),infancy(嬰兒期),inferior(下等的),infinite(無限的),innumeralbe(無數(shù)的),intellect(理智),interrupt(打斷),legal(法律上的),legitimate(合法的),mechanical(機(jī)械的),mediator(停調(diào)者),missal(彌撒書),moderate(中等的),necessary(必要的),nervous(神經(jīng)的),notary(公證人),pauper(窮人),picture(圖片),popular(民眾的),private(私人的),project(工程),promote(提拔),prosecute(徹底),rational(理性的),reject(拒絕),script(手跡),scripture(手稿),secular(現(xiàn)世的),simile(明喻),spacious(廣闊的),submit(呈送),subscribe(簽署),substitute(代替),summary(摘要),supplicate(哀求),suppress(壓制),temperate(有節(jié)制的),temporal(暫時(shí)的),testify(證明),tract(一片),ulcer(潰瘍),zenith(天頂)等。
隨著眾多的法語詞匯和拉丁語詞匯被借入英語,改變了古英語運(yùn)用復(fù)合詞作為創(chuàng)造新詞匯的手段。英語借外來詞擴(kuò)展詞匯的方法,為后來拉丁語大量進(jìn)入英語詞匯鋪平了道路。與此同時(shí),一些拉丁語的詞綴慢慢地被英語化,成為英語中構(gòu)詞的重要素材,前綴如:dis-(distrust不相信),en-(enrich豐富),inter-(intermingle使混合),mal-(maladjustment失調(diào)),non-(nonage未成熟),pre-(preconceive事先想好),re-(reenter再進(jìn)入),semi-(semi-circle半圓),sub-(subtenant轉(zhuǎn)租人);后綴如:-able(believable可相信的),-acy(delicacy精致),-age(peerage貴族),-al(rehearsal排演),-ancy/-ency(vacancy空白,innocency無罪),-ate(translate翻譯),-ory(transitory瞬間的),-ance(hindrance妨害),-ant/-ent(occupant占有人,resident居住的),-ician(geometrician幾何學(xué)者),-ise/-ize(epitomise概括,fertilize施肥)等。中古英語時(shí)期,英語詞綴體系得到了極大的發(fā)展,派生詞的地位也得到進(jìn)一步的確立。
3.文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期拉丁語借詞的特征及影響
14-15世紀(jì)文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期是拉丁語詞匯進(jìn)入英語的期。文藝復(fù)興運(yùn)動是十四世紀(jì)在意大利開始的,在十六世紀(jì)以后的兩個(gè)世紀(jì)內(nèi)對英國的影響很大。當(dāng)時(shí)拉丁語和希臘語被認(rèn)為是代表西方燦爛文化遺產(chǎn)的語言,于是許多外來語詞,主要是拉丁語和希臘語的詞匯進(jìn)入英語。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),在1500至1700年間,約有一萬左右的拉丁語和希臘語詞匯傳入英語,成為了英語的書面語和術(shù)語詞的基本部分。例如:education(教育),dedicate(奉獻(xiàn)),esteem(尊重),benevolent(仁慈的),emprise(事業(yè)),studious(勤學(xué)的),endeavour(努力),protest(抗議),reproach(責(zé)備),m alignity(惡意),tuberculosis(結(jié)核病),angina(咽喉炎),furuncle(辯護(hù)人),advocate(癤瘡),appeal(上訴),civil(民事的),jurist(法律的)等。
這些拉丁詞匯進(jìn)入英語后,有的保存了原來的形式,如climax(),appendix(附錄),exterior(外部),axis(軸);有的失去了詞尾,如consult(商量)[拉]consultare,exclusion(排斥)[拉]exclusioneum,exotic(異國情調(diào)的)[拉]exoticus;還有的改變了詞尾,使之適合英語的形式,如形容詞尾-us變?yōu)?ous(conspicuusconspicuous明顯的)或變?yōu)?al(externusexternal外部的),名詞詞尾-tas變?yōu)?ty(celeritascelerity迅速)。
這一時(shí)期除了越來越多的拉丁語詞綴被借入英語,如前綴:ante-(antecedent先輩),ex-(exhibit展覽),in-(incredible難以置信的),post-(postgraduate研究生),pro-(project工程),sub-(subscribe預(yù)訂),super-(superabundant過多的)和后綴-ary(necessary必要的),-ia(bacterial細(xì)菌的),ium(premium保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)),-ous(nervous緊張的),-al(arrival到達(dá)),-ate(considerate體貼的),-ure(culture文學(xué))等。許多拉丁語詞根也進(jìn)入到英語中,如bene=good(benefit利益),cur=care(secure安全的),cred=believe(incredible可信的),dom=house(domicile定居),hibit=hold(exhibit展覽),it=go(initiate開始),ject=throw(reject駁回),milit=fight(militia民兵),quir/quis=ask(require詢問),rog=ask(interrogate質(zhì)問),rupt=break(erupt噴發(fā)),san=heal(insane神經(jīng)錯(cuò)亂),scend=climb(ascend登高),sist=stand(assist幫助),struct=build(structure組織)等。有些拉丁語詞根固定在拉丁語借詞中,不能構(gòu)成新詞,但有一些詞根則有很強(qiáng)的構(gòu)詞能力,它們或者彼此結(jié)合,或者加上詞綴構(gòu)成新詞。這些拉丁語詞根的出現(xiàn),增強(qiáng)了英語的“造血機(jī)制”,英語詞匯因此得以激增。15-17世紀(jì)的兩百年間,每隔十年就有約4500個(gè)新英語單詞產(chǎn)生,其有三分之二的新詞是建立在業(yè)已存在的詞根和詞綴之上的。
4.拉丁語對現(xiàn)代英語的影響
在19-20世紀(jì),隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的迅猛發(fā)展,人們需要許多新的詞匯來表達(dá)人類對世界的各種新的認(rèn)識和新的發(fā)現(xiàn),人們意識到拉丁語的詞匯具有準(zhǔn)確的意義,經(jīng)歷若干時(shí)代而不變,因而又從拉丁語中借用了大量的詞匯和詞根詞綴,用來豐富和創(chuàng)造新的詞匯。例如在表示學(xué)科名稱上,醫(yī)學(xué)英語只是把拉丁語表示“學(xué)”的-logia改成-logy。physiologia-physiology(生理學(xué)),neurologia-neurology(麻醉學(xué));英語元素名稱也只是把拉丁語的后綴作一些變化oxygenium-oxygen(氧),carbonum-carbon(碳),aluminium-aluminum(鋁)。科技英語,特別是醫(yī)學(xué)英語的2/3詞匯源于拉古語或希臘語。可以說,拉丁語是現(xiàn)代科技詞匯的主要基礎(chǔ),拉丁詞根是今后創(chuàng)造新詞匯的主要源泉。
了解英語詞匯的拉丁化有助于我們更好地理解和運(yùn)用這些詞匯。派生詞是英語詞匯的主要來源,而來自拉丁語的詞根是派生詞的基礎(chǔ),在同一詞根上可以綴加不同的詞綴,表示不同的意思,并可表示各種不同的詞類。以拉丁語根duc/duct為例,加上前綴可以形成conduct,introduce,produce,reduce,deduce,induce,seduce,transduce等詞,再加上其它前綴或后綴可以形成conductive, conductiveness, conductance, conductible,conductivity,conductorial,semi-conductor等一系列的派生詞。我們要逐一記住成千上萬的英語單詞是非常困難的,但是詞根、詞綴的數(shù)量是有限的。通過記住詞根詞綴可以迅速擴(kuò)大詞匯量,鞏固已學(xué)的詞匯、加深理解詞義。
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]汪榕培.英語詞匯學(xué)教程[M].上海外語教育出版社,1998.
篇10
11—15 ACAAC 16—20 BABBA
21—25 BACDC 26—30 DCDAB
31—35 CABCD 36—40 CDBBD
41—45 CADBD 46—50 ADBCD
51—55 ADBCB 56—60 BACBA
非謂語動詞
1—5 BABBD 6—10 CAABB
11—15 BDCBC 16—20 BACBA
情態(tài)動詞
1—5 BACCD 6—10 BBDDC
11—15 ACDCD 16—20 BCADB
(一)
短文改錯(cuò)
In the last 30 years, the growing number of kids and
a
teenagers∧developed weight problems. Today, 1 out of 3
have
kids and teens between the ages of 2 or 19 are overweight or
and
obese, that is a word that means very overweight. Many
which
grown-ups understand that it’s like to have weight problems.
likely
More than 50 percents adults are overweight or obese. For
percent
kids and adults, weighing too much more can lead to illnesses
and health problem. And a kid who is overweight may get
problems
laughed at or found it hard to keep up with other fellow
find
students in the playground.
on
書面表達(dá)
One possible version:
Dear editor,
I am very glad to write to you to talk about my view on the issue. As for me, Lu Xun’s works are worth reading all the time. In fact, Lu Xun was a well-known Chinese writer, he was not only a writer, a thinker, and a translator, but also a founder of modern Chinese literature. His novels have been put into many languages and some of the novels have been made into films. People speak highly of him. Some of his novels have been collected in high school and college textbooks.
In a word, I think reading Lu Xun’s novels will benefit a lot.
Yours,
Li Hua
(二)
The zoo had some big baskets for rubbish, into which
has
people can throw their waste things. One Saturday afternoon,
Mr Brown was walking near the cage which lions and
where或which前加in
tigers∧kept. Usually, there are a lot of people around in
were on
Saturday afternoon, but that day there is nobody there. Mr
was
Brown was surprised, but he was even less surprised when
more
he saw a crowd around a rubbish basket nearby. He went towards a crowd, most of them were children. He looked at
the whom
over their heads, and saw a little mouse run about among the
running
pieces of paper in the basket.
書面表達(dá)
One possible version:
Very often you come across empty classroom with the lights still on. And it’s not difficult to find evidence of wasting water. Additionally, students do not recycle enough, throwing away the soft drink bottles, used exercise papers and books. Worse still, many students still use the non-environmental friendly lunch boxes, causing the “white pollution”.
These things showed that many students lack the sense of environmental awareness. It’s important to educate students to have environmental awareness. At the same time, students can do small things, such as collecting used items for recycling, turning off the lights, and saving water. Always remember that it’s everyone’s responsibility to protect the environment.
(三)
短文改錯(cuò)
The summer holiday, that I’m looking forward to, is
which
coming. How an interesting thing it is to go fishing! I will
What
play football, one of my hobby. I will climb high mountains
hobbies
or ride my bicycle. I will play chess to my grandfather. How
with
wonderful my holiday will be! Therefore, my father is always
However
afraid that I will be hurting by a truck or fall off a tree or
hurt
something else. He∧also afraid that I will fight against the
is
others or be kidnapped by bad men. But if I am careful and polite enough, how would these things happen? I must
will
try to removing my father’s worries.
remove
書面表達(dá)
One possible version:
Different kinds of disease influence our daily life and health. What can we do to stop it from happening? I think when we are at home, we need to sweep the floor, clean our houses every day. At school, we should keep our classroom clean and tidy. In public, we should not spit or drop litter.
In order to protect ourselves from disease, we should have good habits. It is important for us to eat more vegetables and fruit. Also, it is good to take exercise every day. If we are ill, we should see a doctor and have a good rest.
If we do like that, we’ll have a happy and healthy life.
Passage One: 1—5 BACDB 6—10 BACDC
11—15 ABCDA 16—20 CBDBC
Passage Two: 1—5 CBDAC 6—10 CBDAD
11—15 BBDAB 16—20 DCACD
Passage Three: 1—5 CAADD 6—10 CABBA
11—15 BDCAB 16—20 BABAC
Passage Four: 1—5 BACDB 6—10 BACDC
11—15 ABCDA 16—20 CBDBC
Passage Five: 1—5 BCCCB 6—10 BBCDC
11—15 ABBDA 16—20 DBABC
Passage Six: 1—5 ACDCB 6—10 DABDC
11—15 BADCA 16—20 BDABC
Passage Seven: 1—5 AABCB 6—10 AACDA
11—15 ABCBA 16—20 CCDAC
Passage Eight: 1—5 BCADB 6—10 ACDBB
11—15 ACDBA 16—20 CDBCA
Passage Nine: 1—5 BADDB 6—10 CACDC
11—15 ADCAA 16—20 CADBB
Passage Ten: 1—5 BADBC 6—10 AADAC
11—15 ABDAC 16—20 DBDBC
(一)
A: DCBA B: DDBA C: DADC
D: BCAD E: CCDA
(二)
A
1. They will feel greatly surprised.
2. She joined in for fellowship and community service.
3. She wanted to give children some other gifts rather than the basics.
4. It refers to people who give away anonymous gifts on Christmas.
B
5. shopping carts
6. It was to make shopping easier and attract more business.
7. Because few customers used his carts.
8. Because he wanted to promote his shopping carts.
9. He was a smart businessman. He invented the shopping cart and made it accepted by customers. /He was smart but he shouldn’t have used tricks to attract customers.
C
10. Adults are not willing to say hello./ Adults seldom say hello.
11. School went from impersonal to personal, and that resulted in more class participation and better grades.
12. saying hello to each other/greeting each other/ saying hello
13. ① lowering blood pressure ② relieving stress ③ boosting happiness
14. 不管出于什么原因,我在城里打招呼得到的回應(yīng)比在鄉(xiāng)村少得多。
D
15. Take on the Original
16. it is compulsory/required
17. He would turn to books to find answers.
18. They may help increase people’s interest in the classic.
19. The original (book / work)
E
20. True Friends/ What are True Friends
21. Make up with your friends after the quarrels and don’t let the sadness last long.
22. they also have their differences
23. ①Friends accept differences ②Argue ③Friends love unconditionally ④Believe in love at first sight
24. Always remember to respect your friends and love them.
1. DAFBE 2. FADEB
3. AGCEB 4. FBEAD
1
Jack London, a great American writer, who was very
poorly when he began to write. He worked hard,∧it didn’t
poor but
help. Once he promised the magazine to write a story for it,
a
but he was busy at the time and couldn’t keep his promises.
promise
The editor wrote for Jack London several times asked him to
to asking
send the story. At last he wrote, “Mr London, if I can’t get
the story within 24 hours, I’ll come up to your office and kick you downstairs, but I always keep my promise.” Jack
and
London read the note and answer, “Dear sir, if I can do my
answered
work with my feet as you, I will keep my promise.”
like
2
I hate mobile phones. First of all, very few people real
really
need a mobile phone. If you need to speak to someone, there are a good many of public phone box around. Most people like
boxes
being seen with one. They think it makes them look importance
important
and successful. In addition, mobile phones were often used
are
in public places like trains and restaurants and other people around have no choice but∧listen to the conversation. It is
to
very pleasant. Sometimes it can actually be dangerous
unpleasant
at some situations to use a mobile phone, for example when
in
driving. According to the police, speak on the phone while
speaking
drive is a major cause of accidents.
driving
3
As students, we have classes from early morning till late afternoon. Therefore, take a ten-minute break between
taking
classes is definitely important, even necessarily. Otherwise
necessary
we may feel both physically or mentally tired. During the
and
ten-minute break we did something to get rid of tiredness.
do
What we need is to have the real rest, instead∧getting even
a of
more tired. So don’t do something that will make you too
anything
excited. My ten-minute break is always pleased. I usually do
pleasing/pleasant
some simple exercises. Sometimes I have a free chat with my classmates or just to take a walk during the break. When
the new class begins, I feel freshly again.
fresh
1
Dear Mary,
How nice to hear from you. Knowing that you are much interested in our school meals, I feel very pleased. Now I’ll tell you something about it.
We have three meals a day. Breakfast is served from 6:00 to 7:00 with streamed buns, boiled eggs, milk. There is also porridge ready there, for most Chinese have a habit of having porridge with steamed buns. During the lunch time from 12:00 to 13:00, there is meat such as pork, beef, and chicken, which is cooked in different ways with different tastes. Rice is the main food for lunch. When supper from 17:00 to 19:00 is served, we can have more choices—noodles, snacks, porridge, or fried eggs. Besides, we enjoy all kinds of seasonal vegetables at any of the three meals to make sure we can study full of energy.
What about our daily school meals? And yours?
Sincerely yours,
Li Hua
2
Letters of Application for the Membership of WSSP
Dear Sir or Madam,
How excited I was when I heard that there was a Weekends Senior Citizen Serving Program here in our community.
I am a 16-years-old girl, studying as a senior one student in LinWen Senior High School. Our school often has such activities to improve our character education. I have worked in them and got lots of experience. Once I helped in an old people’s home, so I know how the old need young people like us to be their friends and how to take care of them. Since I’m in senior one, I think I’m free for most of my weekends. I have strong confidence for myself in doing a good job as a WSSP member!
Please do accept me as one of the volunteers.Thanks!
Sincerely yours,
Li Hua
3
On Recreation
It is impossible for us to keep fit unless we often take part in activities of recreation.
There are various kinds of recreation activities in our daily life after study, for example, listening to music, watching TV, playing chess and going to the cinema. But I think we’d better have more outdoor activities because we usually sit too long in our classroom, and our eyes and brain get tired. So it’s a good idea to play basketball, football, table tennis, go swimming and do some running.
Our brain also needs changes to make it smart and active. Remember the old saying, “All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.”
語法和詞匯知識
1—5 BDBBB 6—10 AAADA
完形填空
11—15 ABCDD 16—20 CBABC
21—25 CADCB 26—30 ACDBA
閱讀理解
31一35 BBCBC 36—40 BBCBB
41—45 CBBCA 46—50 DABBC
補(bǔ)全對話
51—55 DAEBG
閱讀表達(dá)
56. The cell phone gets in the way of face to face communication./ It does harm to the closeness of human interaction.
57. However, I felt left out as if we were not conducting the conversation.
58. the lonelier we feel/ the more left out we feel
59. It makes the author feel lonelier.
60. He doesn’t contact people living near him with instant message /He doesn’t use his cell phone in the presence of friends /He doesn’t let the voice mail pick up when he is at home.
短文改錯(cuò)
Dear sir,
I’ve just learned from the newspapers that a secretary of
newspaper
English is need in your company. I wish to apply for this
needed
position. My name is Yang Fan, a girl of 20. I am very health,
healthy
and 1.63 meters tall. I was graduated from a local college
where is 50 miles away from the downtown of the city. I
which/that
once worked for a secretary in a company for two years. I
as
can type 40 words a minute. Except this, I have English
Besides
skills in reading and writing, so once won a first prize in an
and
English contest when I was in middle school. I also have ∧driving license. I will work harder for your company.
a hard
Look forward to your reply.
Yours sincerely,
Yang Fan
書面表達(dá)
One possible version:
Dear editor,
I’m writing to tell you about the discussion we’ve had in the recent class meeting about whether Senior 3 students should take tonics to keep fit.
Opinions are divided on the topic. Sixty percent of the students think it unnecessary to take any tonics. They hold the opinion that taking tonics will cause students to put on weight, which is bad for their health. What’s more, the price of tonics is rather high.
However, forty percent of the students point out that Senior 3 students have a lot of homework to do every day. So many students get tired and tonics can help to refresh themselves. Personally, I think having right food is more important. The best way to stay healthy is to take exercise regularly.
答案解析
1. B。 從題干中句子的時(shí)態(tài)disturbs和后面的great noises能推斷出學(xué)校附近的新房子正在修建中,因此用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。
2. D。 此處the后跟單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞表示某一類事物;useful中的字母“u”的發(fā)音起首不是元音,前面用a。又如a university,a European country等。
3. B。 where此處為連接副詞,引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語從句。注意in which引導(dǎo)定語從句,但句中無先行詞。
4. B。 add to our knowledge of the world意思是“增加我們對世界的了解”。add to意為“增加、加大”,表示“使原來的總量得到增加”;bring about意為“導(dǎo)致、引起”;add up to意思是“總計(jì)”;increase to意為“增加到”,皆不符合句意。
5. B。 While talking about his own happy childhood是狀語從句的省略結(jié)構(gòu),其邏輯主語應(yīng)和句子的主語一致;句中own說明是“he”談到了他自己的幸福童年。
6. A。 one此處為不定代詞,表示泛指,等于“a+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞”,在此句中代替a year;one作同位語。
7. A。 hope后常跟that從句,并可用so或not代替。
8. A。 考查定語從句。先行詞在從句中作賓語,故關(guān)系代詞可省略。
9. D。 從句的時(shí)間是過去的過去,應(yīng)用過去完成時(shí)。
10. A。 by the time表示“到……時(shí)候”,引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句,當(dāng)從句用過去時(shí)時(shí),主句通常用過去完成時(shí)。此題表示“講演者進(jìn)大廳前,所有聽眾都已經(jīng)坐好”。
11. A。 one’s native place意思是“某人的出生地”。
12. B。 uneducated說明小女孩未受過教育,喜歡撒野,故選B。
13. C。 displeased意思是“不高興”,符合句子表達(dá)的情景。
14. D。 “Sometimes she went so far as to roll on the ground”意思是“有時(shí)候她野到在地上打滾”。so... as to的意思是“如此……以至于”,far在此處表示程度。
15. D。 小女孩周圍的人很少見過如此野的女孩,所以感到很“吃驚”。
16. C。 only to do意為“卻……”,表示與期望相反的結(jié)果。
17. B。 totally意為“完全地”。根據(jù)句意,小女孩的父母因?yàn)閷?shí)在無法管教她,所以對她“完全”失望了。
18. A。 which為關(guān)系代詞,指代先行詞“a snow-white dress”,引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句。
19. B。 quite another person意思是“一個(gè)完全不同的人”。quite another是固定搭配。
20. C。 scold意思是“辱罵”,此處“no longer scolded or hit others”說明小女孩的變化。
21. C。 go wild意思是“撒野”,go是系動詞,后跟形容詞作表語。
22. A。 in表示“穿著(衣服)”。
23. D。 gentle此處意思為“文靜、溫柔”,與前面的wild相對應(yīng)。
24. C。 a beautiful dress hidden in his or her mind是比喻用法,表示每個(gè)人的“內(nèi)心某處都潛藏著美”。文中第38空所在句里的hidden與此句中的hidden相呼應(yīng)。
25. B。 見上一題的解析。
26. A。 desert意思為“拋棄”,指一些人把內(nèi)心深處的美拋棄了。
27. C。 該句表示很多人沒有意識到美的力量。
28. D。 quality意為“品質(zhì)”,此處表示人與生俱來的品質(zhì)。
29. B。 該句表示美具有一種“影響”的力量,而這種力量“確實(shí)”是沒有別的力量可比的。句子是全文的中心句,表達(dá)了作者通過故事傳遞的主題思想。
30. A。 見上一題的解析。
31. B。 文章第一段說:她家所住的房子和街道臟亂差,鄰居們以臟取樂,作者決定她的孩子一定要遠(yuǎn)離這一切,由此可推知此題答案為B。
32. B。 根據(jù)第二段描述:The Carter girl一個(gè)人在很多小孩面前獨(dú)自吃糖,吃不完時(shí),把剩余的糖扔進(jìn)下水道,可知此題答案為B。
33. C。 從第二段最后一句“There is more to happiness than money in the world, isn’t there”可推知此題答案為C。
34. B。 從全文第一段可推知答案為B。
35. C。 從文章第五段“...according to some medical expers...”可知C項(xiàng)正確,排除其余三項(xiàng)。
36. B。 文章第四段敘述亞健康的癥狀,只有B項(xiàng)與癥狀中的depression相對應(yīng)。
37. B。 根據(jù)上下文,專家建議應(yīng)養(yǎng)成良好生活習(xí)慣,勞逸結(jié)合,常做運(yùn)動等來預(yù)防亞健康。所以此題alternately意為“交換地,輪流地”。選B。
38. C。 第六段說明處于亞健康的人們在飲食上的注意事項(xiàng)——“eat less salt and suger”。
39. B。 從每個(gè)活動介紹中的時(shí)間安排信息可知選B。
40. B。 從第四個(gè)活動介紹中的時(shí)間安排信息可知選B。
41. C。 從第二項(xiàng)活動安排的介紹可知選C。
42. B。 從第三項(xiàng)活動安排的介紹可知選B。
43. B。 由文章首句可知。
44. C。 由文章第二自然段可知。
45. A。 文中畫線部分的意思是“在大街上,我自我感覺比乞丐有地位,比他成功,比他重要”。即“我感覺自己一切都比他強(qiáng)”。
46. D。 由文章主題句“Don’t we all”可以推斷出。
47. A。 結(jié)合第二段第二句“...they give you the chance to express yourself. Don’t just limit yourself to posters... if you want a particular design for your room and plan out what to be done according to the subject”推出。
48. B。 從第三段第四句“If you’re running low on floor space, then take a tip from NASA and look up”一句得出答案。run low on意為“……快用完”。
49. B。 文章最后一段可推測出答案選B。
50. C。 綜合全文敘述方式可推出答案。請注意something like a guide book是客觀描述。
語法和詞匯知識
1—5 BCBAB 6—10 DDBCD
完形填空
11—15 ACDBC 16—20 DCDBC
21—25 ABCAD 26—30 BCACB
閱讀理解
31一35 CBBAC 36—40 BDACB
41—45 BDCAC 46—50 BDABC
補(bǔ)全對話
51—55 BGDFC
閱讀表達(dá)
56. Because the countryside was too far away for them to make a round trip between morning and nightfall, and they didn’t have enough money for country holidays.
57. How the first Youth Hostel came into existence./ How the first Youth Hostel began.
58. In an old castle near the schoolhouse.
59. learn a lot (of things) / get to know a lot
60. Breath fresh air/ enjoy the beauties of the country-side/ learn things about other places/ make new friends
短文改錯(cuò)
Dear Mum and Dad,
How are you all? I hope you are well and that the weather
both
has not become too colder in Beijing yet. In England it is
cold
quite wet and windy,∧there are some nice days and I have
but
not had to use a thick coat so far. I am getting in well here
on/along
and have made several useful business contact. There has a
contacts is
lot of interest in the furniture the factory produces. I have managed to taking quite a lot of orders here. The manager
take
seems to be pleasing with the way things are progressing.
pleased
Look after yourself. I’m looking forward to seeing you again
yourselves
in the middle of the next month. I miss you.
Your loving daughter,
Li Hua
書面表達(dá)
One possible version:
Dear editor,
Recently I have made a survey about how the middle school students spend their winter holidays. The results are as follows.
70% of the students say they are not happy at all during the winter holidays. They have private teachers at home, or attend various training courses. Another 18% say they are happy, because they spend their holidays at their grandparents’ house and have a good chance to make new friends. However, 9% feel lonely and bored, for they are not allowed to spend time with their friends, so they play the computer games at home.
I think the parents should trust their children and give them more freedom to arrange their own time. At the same time, they should encourage children to take part in more social activities to make their holidays more colorful.
Yours truly,
Li Ming
答案解析
1. B。 “我太忙”只可能是“我不給父母寫信”的例外情況,所以選B。
2. C。 考查動詞短語,call on意為“號召”。
3. B。 過去分詞作后置定語。過去分詞表示被動、完成,符合題意。
4. A。 定語從句,先行詞是抽象意義上的地點(diǎn),所以用where。
5. B。 前面說“路很長”,所以后面應(yīng)是“終于”到了。
6. D。 后面說的是some of you,所以前面應(yīng)是everybody。
7. D。 情態(tài)動詞。既然建議他打電話到Robert家,說明他估計(jì)Robert應(yīng)該在家。should就有“應(yīng)該”的意思。
8. B。 方位名詞前需加定冠詞;for most parts大多數(shù)地區(qū)。
9. C。 A、B、D選項(xiàng)答語不符合問句句意。
10. D。 By the end of this century談?wù)搶砬闆r,其后接將來完成時(shí)。
11. A。 小孩在別人院子里玩,很多人會大聲斥責(zé)孩子,但這位醫(yī)生例外。
12. C。 短語的前部分是kind,后面必然也是褒義詞,所以A、B自然落選。結(jié)合上一空,應(yīng)該選C。
13. D。 根據(jù)后文關(guān)于種樹的內(nèi)容,此空選forest。
14. B。 聯(lián)系后文“他”種樹不用澆水的見解,這里應(yīng)該填ideas。
15. C。 這里要填school,是“學(xué)派、流派”的意思。把這位醫(yī)生對種樹的個(gè)人見解稱為school有幽默的成分在里面。
16. D。 根據(jù)后文解釋,應(yīng)該問的是為什么。
17. C。 應(yīng)該是樹的后代,填generation。
18. D。 填rough。不要讓樹感覺太舒適,應(yīng)讓樹們感到生活艱難,以便淘汰掉弱者,從而讓強(qiáng)者的基因延續(xù)下去,從而提高樹木整體的生命質(zhì)量。
19. B。 填plant。作者用一棵松樹做例子。
20. C。 填watering。他不但不澆水,還把報(bào)紙卷起來抽打它。
21. A。 作者又問,填asked。
22. B。 抽打樹的目的是要引起它的注意(引起注意是保持旺盛生命力的有效方法,比如對被困井下的人喊話)。
23. C。 作者講述自己的種樹經(jīng)歷作為對照。后面提到“兩年”,說明這事發(fā)生在幾年以前。
24. A。 導(dǎo)致什么樣的結(jié)果是result in。
25. D。 wait on意為“照顧,服侍”。
26. B。 a couple of years為固定搭配,意為“幾年”。
27. C。 根據(jù)后文big和healthy,所以應(yīng)填strong。
28. A。 while表示對照。
29. C。 指代前面的life,用it。
30. B。 樹“reach deep into the earth”的部分當(dāng)然是root。
31. C。 他逐戶推銷的目的是為自己掙學(xué)費(fèi)。
32. B。 年輕男孩本想討要食物,一見到開門的女孩很漂亮便改了口。這其中的原委是經(jīng)過對男孩的心理活動分析得來。
33. B。 根據(jù)后文“在此之前他幾乎放棄”。
34. A。 結(jié)合文章可推斷Kelly醫(yī)生為她付了賬。
35. C。 對文中提到的幾件事排序。b排最后,答案可確定選C。
36. B。 該題是關(guān)于另一位運(yùn)動員的,根據(jù)第四段第一句話可以看出B的說法正確。
37. D。 根據(jù)上下文,it指代Johnson艱苦的訓(xùn)練。
38. A。 廣告的目的是推銷產(chǎn)品或服務(wù),所以選A。
39. C。 綜合上下文及文體分析,這應(yīng)該是指一家旅行社。
40. B。 從正文部分的第一句可知。
41. B。 由文章第二段第二句可知。
42. D。 根據(jù)第三段可知。
43. C。 根據(jù)文章星期天的活動安排“FOLK MUSIC at The Derby Arms. The Short Stuff and residents the Norman Chop Trio”可推知此題答案為C。
44. A。 根據(jù)文章星期五活動安排的第一句“JAZZ with the Mike Thomas Jazz Band at The Derby Arms”可推知此題答案為A。
45. C。 根據(jù)星期六活動安排最后一句“…the electric accordion. Tel: 789—4536”可推知此題答案為C。
46. B。 根據(jù)星期六活動安排第四項(xiàng)“FAMILY night out? Join the sing-along at The Black Horse”可推知此題答案為B。
47. D。 本文主題是英國的茅草屋。
48. A。 由第三段最后一句可知。