論文的格式:英語醫學科研論文的格式和要求

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論文的格式:英語醫學科研論文的格式和要求

關鍵詞:醫學科研

4)討論部分

總的要求:Theauthorshouldtellthereaderwhattheresultsmeanbyplacingtheminthecontextofpreviouspublishedstudiesoftheproblem,即:與先有研究相比,本研究有何意義。

具體要求:

A.簡要說明研究背景(background)

B.簡要介紹總的發現(generalfindings);

C.介紹具體要點(introductionofpoints)

D.與現有發現(若有)進行比較(comparisoninthecontextofotherstudies)

E.意義(suggestedmeaning)

F.結論(conclusion)

G.前瞻研究(futurestudies)

結論往往是論文中最長也是最難寫的部分,主要原因是作者要對研究結果和發現進行分析、推斷、演繹和推理,要求作者具有很強邏輯思維能力和英語文字組織能力。此外,這部分時態比較復雜,要分清實驗過程和結果(過去時)與分析意見(確定:現在時;不確定或假設:過去時)的區別;他人研究結果(過去時或現在完成時)與本研究結果(過去時)的區別;普遍適用的結論(現在時)與只適用本研究的結論(過去時)的其別等。因此,對于however,may,might,could,would,possibly,probably,belikelyto等詞(組)的使用以及webelieve(think/consider)that,toourknowledge,inourexperience(practice)等插入語的使用就顯得格外重要。

示例:

Parenteralnutritionisbeingusedwithincreasingfrequencyasaprimarysourceofcaloricsupportinadultandpediatricpatientswithgastrointestinalproblems.NumerouscomplicationshavebeenassociatedwiththeadministrationofTPN,includingasignificantlyincreasedncidenceofgallbladderdisease[3-5,7].Thedataheresuggestthatcholecyste

ctomyisoftenrequiredforthemanagementofsymptomaticgallbladderdiseaseinthisgroupofpatients,andisassociatedwithsignificantrisks.[說明研究背景,包括意義]Ofthe35patientswhorequiredcholecystectomyforTPN-inducedgallbladderdisease,operativemorbidityandmortalitywere54percentand11percent,respectively.Maingot[8]hasstatedthatcholecystectomy“isoneofthesimplestandsafestoftheabdominaloperations,andisass

ociatedwithalowoperativemortalityrate(about0.5percent).Areviewofthepediatricliteraturesuggeststhatwhencholecystectomyisperformedinchildren,theoperativemorbidityislessthan10percent,andthemortalityislessthan1percent.[8,9]Glenn[11]hasreportedamortalityrateoflessthan0.1percentinover5,000patientsunder

theageof50yearswhounderwentcholecystectomy.Themorbidityandmortalityobservedinourgroupofreceivinglong-termTPN,therefore,werefarinexcessofwhatwouldbeexpectedforapopulationofpatientswhosemeanagewas29years.

[提出本研究主要發現并將其與其他研究發現相比較]

Ourdatasuggestthatarespecificfactorsuniquetopatientswhorequirelong-termTPNthatcontributetotheincreasedmortalityandmorbidityassociatedwithcholecystectomyinthisselectgroup.[以下,作者用較大篇幅分析了這類病人死亡率和并發癥增高的臨床、實驗室和手術等方面的原因,原文從略]

Basedontheresultsofourstudies,webelievethatearlycholecystectomyisindicatedinpatientswithTPN-inducedgallbladderdisease.Obviously,allpatientswithsymptomaticdiseaseshouldundergocholecystectomyunlesstherespecificmedicalcontraindications.Theseoperationsshouldbeperformedinatimely,electivefashionbecausedelaymayresultintheneedforurgentsurgeryandthereby,increaseanalreadyhighrisk.Althoughrecentstudieshavesuggestedthatcholecystectoymaynotbewarrantedinotherwisehealthypatientswithasymptomaticgallbladderdisease[20],webelievethatthisaxiomdoesnotapplytopatie

ntswithTPN-inducedgallbladderdisease.OutdatasuggestthatthenaturalhistoryofgallbladderdiseaseinpatientsreceivingTPNisconsiderablydifferentfromthatoftheircounterpartsnotreceivingTPN.Basedonourfindings,werecommendelectivecholecystectomyinpatientsreceivingTPNwhengallstonesfirstappear.Furthermore,cholecystectomyshouldbeconsidered,especiallyinchildrenwithoutstoneswhoareun

dergoinglaparotomyforotherreasons.[從對結果的分析及與其他研究的比較得出結論性意見,這是討論部分最重要的內容]WhetherTPN-inducedgallstonescanbepreventedthroughdailystimulatedgallbladderemptyingawaitstheresultsoffurtherstudies.[前瞻研究]

5)致謝部分

總的要求:Alwaysgetapprovalofyourintentiontomentionsomeoneintheacknowledgementandapprovaloftheforminwhichyouwillpresenttheacknowledgement,即:致謝詞和致謝方式必須征得受謝人或單位的同意。

6)參考文獻

總的要求:Referencestylesshouldbespecifictoeachjournal,既:根據各雜志的具體要求,因為各雜志對參考文獻部分的編排順序和格式不盡統一。

現將URMSBJ要求的20多種參考文獻中最常見的5種格式列舉如下:

1)VegaKJ,PinaI,KrevskyB.Hearttransplantationisassociatedwithanincreasedriskforpancreatobiliarydisease.AnnInternMed1996Jun1;124(11):980-3.[標準雜志文章]

2)TheCardiacSocietyofAustraliaandNewZealand.Clinicalexcisestresstesting:Safetyandperformanceguidelines.MedJAust1996;164:282-4.[作者是個組織]

3)CancerinSouthAfrica[editorial].SAfrMedJ1984;84:15.[無作者名]

4)ShenHM,ZhangQF.Riskassessmentofnickelcardiogenicityandoccupationallungcancer.EnvironHealthPerspect1994;102Suppl1:275-82.[某雜志增刊]

5)BrowellDA,LennardTW.Immunologicstatusofthecancerpatientandtheeffectsofbloodtransfusiononantitumorresponses.CurrOpinGenSurg1993;325-33[無期無卷]

7)插圖說明

總的要求:Typeorpointoutlegendsforillustrationsusingdoublespacing,startingonaseparatepage,既:插圖說明要另頁雙行打印。當插圖中有箭頭(arrow)、符號(symbol)、數字(number)或字母(letter)時,要在這部分(不是在插圖頁上)對其方向、位置等作出非常明確的說明。

8)插圖

總的要求:Designyourfiguresfortheappropriatereduction,即:插圖要按雜志的版面大小比例進行壓縮;不要把插圖拍成照片。

9)表格

總的要求:Atableshouldbeatotallyself-containedunitofinformation,即:表格要作為一個獨立的信息單位另頁打印。表格要簡明清楚,完整(標題、內容和腳注),即使只有一張表格也要標Table1。

10)照片和說明

總的要求:與7)、8)部分相同。