導語：如何才能寫好一篇星期英文，這就需要搜集整理更多的資料和文獻，歡迎閱讀由公務員之家整理的十篇范文，供你借鑒。

篇1

1、星期六:Saturday縮寫Sat.Saturday，英文單詞，名詞，作名詞時意為“星期六”。

2、[例句]She had a call from him on Saturday morning at the studio.星期六早上她在錄音室接到他打來的電話。

3、[其他]復數：Saturdays.

（來源：文章屋網 ）

篇2

1“富饒的缺口”

貴州省地處云貴高原，擁有豐富的生態資源、自然資源、旅游資源和礦產資源、野生動植物資源，民族文化也豐富多樣。此外，貴州省還是全國煙、酒、藥材的生產大省，但由于自然地理位置和歷史文化等多方面的原因，貴州省民營企業經濟水平發展長期滯后于全國平均水平，基礎薄弱，民營企業自我積累和自我發展能力差，同時貴州投資環境差，外資吸引能力不強，還導致內部資金大量外流。盡管貴州省資源豐富多樣，但豐富的資源優勢未能轉化為經濟優勢，形成了“富饒的缺口”。

2規模小、發育程度低、市場融資能力弱

長期以來，貴州省民營企業規模小、經濟發展速度緩慢、企業效益差、償付能力弱。近幾年，貴州省通過不斷健全金融機構組織體系、創新擔保方式、完善社會信用服務體系等舉措，多元化為民營企業的發展提供保障。但在民營經濟的發展過程中，仍然存在融資難的問題。與省外同行業相比較，民營企業無論從市場規模、經濟發展水平，還是市場融資能力、市場成熟度以及組織形式等方面，都存在很大的差距。2014年中國民營企業會公布了中國工商聯評選的最新《中國民營企業500強榜單》中，貴州省只有貴陽宏益房地產開發有限公司一家民營企業上榜。

3專業人才匱乏，品牌意識淡薄

競爭是人才之間的競爭，特別是高素質人才的競爭，人才是資本，高素質人才是企業的核心優勢所在。貴州省可以說是一個老少邊貧的內陸省份，信息閉塞，導致了當地人們的思想觀念落后，缺少未雨綢繆的競爭意識，這導致大多數民營企業沒有人才儲備的意識，忽視人才戰略，使得民營企業的人才培養滯后，人才供給不足和對人才的吸引不足，貴州省民營企業人才長期匱乏嚴重制約了民營企業的經濟發展。貴州省民營企業家的品牌意識不強，對自身品牌的認識和開發也不足，只關注生產經營，忽略了產品品牌的研發。在品牌意識缺乏的基礎上，嚴重制約了貴州省民營企業取得更長遠的發展，使其在發展中喪失競爭力。2008年，貴州省一共有9家企業生產的10個產品獲得了中國名牌的稱號，但除了“老干媽”來自民營企業外，其他9個品牌全部都是國有企業。

二貴州省民營企業資本形成不足的原因

貴州省民營企業的發展，仍面臨諸多困難，如傳統落后的經營模式、政策的傾斜、企業融資難、人才匱乏等問題，主要有以下幾點：

1政府方面的因素

貴州是一個內陸省份，經濟發展水平明顯滯后于全國平均水平，經濟實力較弱。貴州省民營企業與省內國有企業相比較，呈現規模小、散沙狀、市場抗風險能力不強、市場競爭力差、知名度不高等特點。政府沒有多余的財政資金投資民營企業，另外政府依靠財政融資能力也較弱，就算政府有多余的財政資金，政府也不愿意對民營企業進行投資，因為民營企業規模小，抗風險能力弱，市場競爭力不強，對全省經濟發展效果不是特別顯著，政府寧愿大力投資國有企業，如在2014年中國企業500強排行榜中，貴州沒有一家民營企業上榜，只有國有企業貴州茅臺上榜。此外，政府政策制定者受傳統思想觀念的影響，多數政策以國有企業為重，堅持國有企業為社會經濟發展的主體，使得民營企業在各方面都受到了“所有制”的歧視性待遇，嚴重阻礙了民營企業的發展。

2市場方面的因素

截止2013年10月末，貴州省銀行各項貸款余額10037億元，比年初增加1679億元，同比增加了315億元，同比增長22%；各項存款余額12807億元，全年新增存款首次超過24000億元，較年初增加2238億元，同比增加了659億元，同比增長了24%。截止2013年12月31日，全省農村信用社存貸款月達50125億元，其中存款余額突破3000億元大關，達到3027.66億元。雖然企業貸款較以前有所增加，但是在貴州省民營企業的發展中，仍存在貸款難的困境，由于貸款存在風險性的問題，所以銀行對貸款非常謹慎，特別是對規模小，抗風險能力弱且成本高、收益低、周期長的民營企業的貸款。銀行與貸款人之間存在信息不對稱，銀行不知貸款人的信譽和還貸能力，需要花費大量的人力物力去考察貸款人的情況，這加大了銀行信貸部門的運營成本和風險。此外，民營企業除了遭受到“規模小”的歧視，還遭受到“所有制”的歧視，使得民營企業貸款更加難以進行。在貴州，農村信用社成了金融市場上一個特別有效的正規金融組織。當前，金融機構之間缺乏有效的競爭，金融服務質量與效率低下的問題，在很大程度上也造成了貴州省民營企業貸款難的現象。在市場經濟條件下，農業銀行等金融機構大都是以經濟利益最大化為經營目的，試圖獲得最大的利益，對風險大、收益小的農村貸款盡量避免甚至不發放，客觀上形成多數金融機構的資金只存不貸，從而導致大量資金外流。此外，由于貴州省經濟發展滯后，經濟基礎薄弱，基礎設施不完善，使得民營企業在發展中還存在吸引外資難的問題。

3企業自身方面的因素

就貴州省民營企業自身發展來說，多數民營企業都存在著產權結構不合理的問題，企業內部組織關系不穩定、管理層次不清晰；傳統的家族經營模式不具規模性和計劃性，在質量和財務等方面沒有嚴格的標準規范，更重要的是企業沒有一套科學合理的現代管理模式去指導企業產品的研發、生產、銷售以及售后服務這一流程；人才機制的落后和不重視使得企業在發展中人才匱乏，缺少實用型人才，缺乏活力與創新的思想觀念；企業管理者求穩求定，懼怕風險的守業思想根深蒂固，不敢創新，缺少品牌意識；另外受貴州省落后的經濟社會與信息閉塞等各種因素的制約，也導致民營企業的管理者產生滿足當前的成就，安于現狀的心理。這些問題也成為民營企業資本形成的障礙。

三針對貴州省民營企業資本形成的不足提出對策建議

1政府應當重視民營經濟的發展

加大宏觀調控力度，制定和完善信貸管理制度。當前民營企業成為貴州省經濟發展新的增長點，民營企業在整個貴州省經濟發展中所做的貢獻越來越大。首先，政府政策制定者必須轉變觀念，放寬政策，落實政策，制定一些針對中小民營企業的稅收優惠政策，減少民營企業稅收負擔，為民營企業發展提供良好的正常環境，同時加強招商引資，積極改善投資環境，吸引內資和外資的注入，為促進民營企業的發展助力，也減少內資的外流。其次，制定和完善與民營企業發展相適應的信貸管理制度，拓寬民營企業貸款渠道，積極解決民營企業貸款難的問題，盡量為民營企業創造良好的融資環境。此外，政府還要完善金融監管職能，不要讓民營企業繼續遭受“規模小”“、所有制”的歧視。因為貸款難，造成資金鏈斷裂，迫使企業倒閉。與此同時，政府積極為民營企業提供創業和經營等方面的指導，為貴州省民營企業發展提供便利的政策。

2轉變觀念，引入競爭機制

針對貴州省民營企業發展的特點，金融部門不應懼怕風險，完全以營利為目的，在政策上為作為貴州省經濟發展主體的國有企業籌融資有大幅度的傾斜。金融機構積極加強對民營企業的指導和服務，建立健全民營企業的信貸擔保體系，提升民營企業的信貸擔保能力，提高民營企業在信貸市場的比例，拓寬民營企業的信貸渠道，鼓勵和推廣民營企業的管理者到銀行貸款來發展企業，為民營企業籌融資提供便利條件。同時，引入金融機構競爭機制，銀行金融機構應和其他非金融貸款機構形成有效的競爭機制，貸款主體多元化，從而為民營企業籌融資提供良好的環境。

3轉變企業經營管理理念

篇3

Each visitor:

How are you, welcome you to Guilin to travel, I am your guide**.

Seven star parks are located in downtown Li river's east coast in Guilin, small east the river flow Guan in the interval and cover area more than 100 hectares, because seven mountain peaks of seven star mountains, the such as Great Dipper on the sky falls onto ground but get.There are"Great Dipper", "camel hump red Xia", "crescent moon Hong shadow", and"Pu Tuo stone wood"...etc. in the park winning a view, occupy the United States of mountain, river, hole and stone.There are seven star rock, Long Yin Dong, crescent moon rock, once male rock, camel mountain, Long Yin Yan and flower bridge, crescent moon building, children's playground, zoo, three generals and 800 brave man's last homes, mosque and flower arrangement skill Yuans in the famous tourist spot, laurel sea stone tablet Lin Deng.Be biggest for Guilin, the visitor is the most prosperous, historic grow most of a comprehensive sex park.

Seven star mountains are in the Li river's east coast, 1000 meters apart from the city center, from the Pu Tuo mountain Shu in the sky and sky Xuan and sky Ji, power 4 Fengs and the crescent moon mountain jade Heng in sky, open sun, precious jade light 3 Fengs constitute, elevation one by one in order is 265, 255, 248, 245, 255, 241, 250 meters, 7 mountain points almost put on a level.The crescent moon of Pu Tuo, one east a west, mutual connect belong to, distribute like space Great Dipper, mountain with this is since then.The mountain is honourable to accumulate 51.5 hectares, with rock many hole the strange Zhao call.Seven star rocks but outside, have a dollar breeze and Xuan force, great white crane hole and four fairy rocks, once Mr. rock etc. was several ten mountain caves.The stone wood of the mountain of Pu Tuo, suddenly Zheng Rong.Under the camel hump of flower arrangement Yuan, gather stone wood in Guilin, it wins, the Cang is vigorously outstanding, and the generosity of spirit is uncommon.Is more precious, have Sui Tang the sculpture carvings is more than 500 pieces.

Pillar stone in the sky spends bridge in seven star west of parks east.The stone pretty stirs to stand erect like pillar, so have an of "pillar in the sky".Again such as the lotus that don't put, as well"lotus stone".The stone is about 10 meters in height, up engrave "hair Ze east thought long live"7 big words.The north faces to work properly a sword river, in the river Ji stone up build a small station.Southeast luxuriant tree spring onion Long, the thick Yin escorts.The stone Dian has little leaf Rong, graceful such as the cover.Pillar northern side in the sky engraves to have Chong rather five years(1106) and flood marking of Guangxu 11 years(1885), is the important data that studies an ancient hydrology.Is late pure famous to face a laurel phrase person condition the week Yi once stayed for a sky, pillar Feng bottom, had "the somebody else in pillar Feng in the sky" small print a , often the cover is on the phrase Jian.

Spend the bridge works properly in seven center doors in the star park the sword's river remits with little east river to match place, blooming flowers in the bridge side, the small bridge Yan reflects between "the full rivulet water half river spends", past famous courtesan bridge.

Seven star rocks are located in seven Pu Tuo halfway up a hills in star park, the mountain cave grows about 1100 meters, the breadth place is 50 meters, and the tallest place is 20 meters.Seven star rocks call to stay a Xia hole, green jade again rock falsely etc., the of seven star rocks is risen to Sung generation.The rock is originally an underground river bed, behind change because of earth crust, underground river ascension, peep out a ground to become mountain cave, afterward the rain water follows a rock blind side infiltration over a long period of time, deliquescence limestone, and continuously crystallize in the hole, form many stalactites, stalagmite, stone pillar and stone drapery thus, form an extraordinary sight natural beautiful scenery.Seven star rocks are one of Guilin's most famous resortses at present.

The mountain of Pu Tuo is located in inside seven star parks, from the Shu in sky and sky Xuan and sky Ji and power four Fengs in skies constitute.Because Tang before the mountain set up the view sound that the temple oblation saves all beings, past Pu Tuo mountain.Lu in the south of Shanxi has a dollar wind tunnel and counts nine warm air of being cold sky of, outside emittings;Midsummer intense heat, wind is blowing gently.The top of hill Fang grass is like bacterium, the Cui cypress is heavy, and the ancient wood is three days.Ten classes from the gate to a monastery but up, the cicada Zao bird blares, Lin Jing Shan You.The halfway up a hill has the Pu Tuo the Jing to give up, arch in the cornice door, azure stone Zhu Shi, plain negative great reputation.Go toward left lead green jade falsely rock, true Wu Ge, four fairies caves, then arrive seven Chinese and Foreign star rock of Fei voice, go toward right continue to climb mountain, the capable anti- day then dies of three generals and 800 brave man last home.The mountain of Pu Tuo has the in the past sculpture carvings more than 100 pieces and famously have Tang Yan Zhen the Qing handwriting placard book"free and unfettered building", Sung Li Yan Bi 《Xiang south the building record 》 and"the turtle snake unites as one" ectype etc..

The gate to a monastery of Pu Tuo at Pu Tuo southern Lu, set up in 1972.A front door that ascends the mountain of Pu Tuo is the building that imitates a station type, is spent a short wall by a to box off mountain body and flat ground, in the center open a circular arched door, the top is a hard ridge to raise a Yan ascent crest, green glazed tiles, 4.5 meters in height, grow 6.7 meters, deep 4.6 meters, the area is 26.8 square meters.The horizontal tablet that hangs "the mountain of Pu Tuo" on the door, the scrolls of"cicada Zao the wood calm down more, the bird blares mountain more You" cent hangs two sides, the whole gate to a monastery Yan reflects in the tree thick Yin in thou and seems to be more nice and secluded and silent.

Take off seven star mountain Ji apexes in the sky that the star station is located in elevation 248 meters, list Yan and 8 pillarses are 8 capes, concrete structure, grow breadth each 5.2 meterses, 6.5 meters in height, the area is 27.04 square meters, set up in 1958.Taking off the star station is seven the star mountains are 7 unique mountain peak high stations, sign on the station, can with the Kuang view.East can the mountain of Tiao Yao, saint, screen and cat mountain in sky;North may worry mountain, fold colourful, battle wave, old man various mountain and pure Li river;The west can appreciate trunk, south the river Be various to win, past once had an of "Kuang view station".

It is in the Pu Tuo mountain south Lu gate to a monastery to protect a stone tablet station eastern side.1974 builds, with 《Xiang south the building record 》 of the Qing book"free and unfettered building" of Tang Yan Zhen and Sung Li Yan Bi that the protection together engraves in the yin and yang both sides precious sculpture carvings, past protect a stone tablet station.Because"free and unfettered building" comes from everyone's handwriting, the stone tablet station is again called "free and unfettered station".The station is 4.5 meters in height, grow 6.7 meters, deep 4.6 meters, the area is 30.6 square meters, for 4 pillars of reinforced concrete structure, list the Yan and green tile Be in the style of antique to construct, simple and cultured, not with the stone tablet contends for winning, and has protect stone tablet, meeting view of function.Follow a stone tablet station, appreciate a calligraphy art and browse square ambition data and have both park to win an interesting view, is a really enjoy happy event.Originally there is also clear pack of Yu 《rebuild city stone tablet in Guangxi province to record 》 inside the station, now already he moves.

The text Chang station is in the mountain of Pu Tuo halfway up a hill, "super Du clean territory" right side, takes a text to carry a prosperous idea, because of place thick Yin Song of the Cui, again"hug a Cui station", is heavy Yan, point the crest is 8 Cape stations.At first Be set up to clearly, there is building, ruined during the period of war against Japan, lately set up in the original address in 1965.Is 8 meters in height, grow each 5.7 meterses of breadths, the area is 32.4 square meters.The station north borders on small Peng Lai, the east gives up for the Pu Tuo Jing, west, south have a short wall railing, is with Tiao good place.

The dollar wind tunnel thou calls Xuan wind tunnel and is so called the labor quantity Sui rock.In the Pu Tuo Lu in Shanxi, entrance to cave west to, 3~24 meters in height, the breadth is 2~15 meters, deep 250 meters, the area is 1945 square meters.Dollar wind tunnel and the mountain of Pu Tuo other holes have mutually and form air convection, the entrance to cave contains a sturdy current of air, and the air inside the hole is delightfully fresh.Because of sunshine, the separation and reunion of mountain body calories, the air temperature in the cave whole year round keeps about 20 ℃ .Temperature outside the hole, the summer is as tallest as 39 ℃ , lowest in winter-5 ℃ .The outside temperature inside the hole differs 15 ℃ or so.Jotting down of"is like fire in winter, cover sun Fu it advertise for also" in 《visit to record 》 that inside the hole"Wen Liang don't condition" and farmland Ru for engraving becomes accurately generalized characteristics and its reason of dollar wind tunnel warm in winter and cool in summer.Sung poet, Zhao Shao Yin, once set up "came to breeze station" in the entrance to cave, clear Lyu Diao Yang once built "seven star Ans"s, pure changed to "big wise An", now already depletion.

Three general last homes are in the mountain of Pu Tuo halfway up a hill of the Bo hope ping.In November, 1944, invade Guilin of soldier to defend a war in the anti- shot Japan in, 31 soldier chief of staff Lyu Zhan receive, defend the mountain soldier commander's headquarters chief of staff Chen Ji Huan, 131 Yong heroic sacrifice of the teacher teacher Kan Weis.In 1946, the Kuomintang government sets up "three general last homes"s to be in remembrance of by showing, the Jiang Jie Shi, Li Zong Ren and white Chong Xi all has a word.1982 rebuilds, the graveyard presents a bottle gourd form, and the breadth is 16 meters, grow 20 meters, cover 320 square meters.

Think of the old days the station hopes ping in the Pu Tuo mountain Bo 800 the strong soil last homes are beside and set up in 1946.With Be in remembrance of an anti- day to fall in action officers and men and fondle to think of the old days now, absorb blood of precept, as well Ji loyalty station.Is 7.5 meters in height, the breadth is 5.3 meters, grows 4.2 meters, the area is 22.26 square meters, a brick pillar, list Yan, point the in the style of antique station of the crest, green tile, square, win have the stone table the Deng to be provided to pay homage to brief rest.

The Pu Tuo Jing gives up in the mountain of Pu Tuo halfway up a hill, the 2nd gate to a monastery"super dust clean territory" after of in the hillside.Is at first an old the temple of Pu Tuo address, tored down an all old building in 1959, re- build, change the name"Pu Tuo the Jing give up".The Jing gives up to construct for red pillar, powder wall, hard ridge, raising the 2 F floor Ge type of Yan, ascent crest, green tile.The 1 F grows 17.3 meters, deep 12 meters, 2 F the length is slightly small, always construct the area as about 400 square meters.The positive house opens my, the upstairs on all sides open a window and up have the view view the hall.The Pu Tuo rock precipice the natural stone before the wall hold, "super dust clean territory" gate to a monastery and Pu Tuo the Jing give up, the text Chang station, and small Peng Lai...etc. are a set of wrong fall to have to of building, form to seal but don't shut more to change structure and form, go up to upper floor to appreciate, city scene, the forest is strange interest, each present thriving source of vitality.

Pu Tuo stone the wood is in the Pu Tuo halfway up a hill of Pu Tuo Jing before giving up, 9 meters in height, the area is about 150 square meters, present an equilateral polygon not.Devolution, the place officials of Tang Dynasty choose a stone to pay tribute imperial government here and enjoy Tang to believe in Li Shi Min's fancy too much and see as"Rui stone", the Juan engraves 《90% temple Li spring Ming 》 that the famous calligraphist Europe sun inquires in it up, money hides a temple in.Li Jing serves as laurel state manager, Tang believes in to instruct him to investigate "Rui stone" habitat too much and know Be produced to the mountain of Pu Tuo, the Chi life sets up to celebrate Lin Guan, and resist the book"celebrate Lin Guan" to grant a sum.Pu Tuo stone wood, Lin Feng Lin Xun, suddenly the Zheng Rong, the most strange United States, is the hat of three greatest stones wood of Guilin.

The building that is small to meet Lai park.In the mountain of Pu Tuo halfway up a hill, before Pu Tuo Jing give up, Pu Tuo stone left side wood, set up in Guangxu for 18 years.(1892)Grow a gallery for the station Ge type, red pillar, ascent crest, green tile, grow 16 meters, the breadth is 6 meters, the crest is 6.5 meters in height, construct area 96 square meters.The gallery west contains short fence, can look beyond city with the column east good prosperity.Have "small Peng Lai" the horizontal tablet on the mountain wall, the station pillar cent hangs the allied sentence of Ma Jun Wu of famous educator:"The desirable state in city often rounds a dream soul and sighs half a lifetime to float zero, hence with famous mountain become long separation;The Ling form is all old, often through leave in disorder, hope a home town handsome, totally raise a long plan to peaceful."

The Bo hopes a station the Ao is at the Pu Tuo mountain Ji Feng half mountain in sky up, is reinforced concrete structure, 8 pillars, list Yan, raise a Cape, green tile and rectangular in the style of antique station, the breadth is about 4 meters, grow more than 10 rices, area 40 square meters are or so.The station is set up to mountain lodge, and rice, deep 180 meters, the area is 2000 square meters.The Sung southern west road plans to pacify to make cloth once, sex was pleased to visit strange, discovered for dollar plentiful two years(1079) and develop, opened up for the tourist spot.Sung Liu Yi 《the once male rock records 》 Be detailed to carry its matter.Once the male rock was a charming mountain body geography match, proper in the near view took a distant look before the mountain mountain after scenery, the Fu Yang looked around, everywhere went into a painting.

Stay a Xia station in the mountain of Pu Tuo four fairy rock.Start Be set up to Sung, "the Zan takes", Liu Ke Zhuang 《the Zan takes a station 》 has the sentence of "above mentioned green Lin Miao, exert laurel state with the column" ·Manchu dynasty after rebuilding an easy"lean on Lan" behind change "green jade falsely station", ruin in anti- day a battle fire.Set up "stay a Xia station" in the original address after fighting the invading army victory.Lately set up again in 1979, follow an of using"stay Xia".The station contains the door in month, and then calls "tread the station in month".The station is the 2 F reinforced concrete structure and list Yan square the station, area is 25 square meters.The first floor makes a box office, the upper level is a view view station.The top and bottom of the visitor, if wear cloud to tread a month, with green jade falsely Ge to should.Exaggerated the artistic conception of "sky the human life".

Xuan Wu Dong at Pu Tuo mountain the north connect with great white crane hole halfway up a hill.The entrance to cave faces west north, 5~6 meters in height, the breadth is 2~15 meters, deep 21 meters, the area is 230 square meters.The hole presents a trumpet form, front greatly behind small.There is all true view in the hole and is set up by a dollar generation and change name true Wu Ge clearly, the empress changes to Xuan Wu Ge again because of the taboo, the hole as well changes the name Xuan Wu Dong.Xuan Wu Ke early discards and weighs a cover after fighting the invading army victory, tores down an original space in 1989 and re- builds.On being partial to a just, distinguish for the in the style of antique concrete structure of 45, 100 square meters, fly Cape, list Yan, 6.5 meters in height.Be partial to a guest south to, the positive Ge is western to, all have "Xuan Wu Ge" horizontal tablet.From was partial to Ge to ascend 10 few class stone stairs, reached positive Ge, is 8 pillar halls, the front could look beyond the Pu Tuo foothill prettiness with the column, empress the great white crane hole , through four fairy rocks, reach seven star rocks that smells a far and near.Through attic southern window, can see Ming Dynasty's ectype 《the turtle snake unites as one 》 .

The Xuan is martial, the northern water absolute being in ancient Chinese myth, behind is a religion of Taoism believe in, the together green dragon, woman without pubic hair and Vinaceous Rosefinch matches to call everywhere four absolute beings, its image is turtle or turtle snake to mutually tie up.This ectype skillfully makes use of the natural color and luster of rock, the vulture becomes martial image of the Xuan of the snake of the turtle, pale red color in green gray.The turtle, jelly-fish, puts on armor, there is defense water fire knife idea of soldier, expressed the masses of the people to pursue the wishes of stabilizing the good luck.

Great white crane hole at Pu Tuo mountain north halfway up a hill, with four fairy rocks and Xuan Wu Dong connects with each other.The hole is 3~4 meters in height, the breadth is 6~7 meters, deep 23 meters, the area is 150 square meters, present a tube form.The hole wall stone line,such as great white crane, flies, one stone pillar in hole, like crane leg, so have great white crane hole of call.The great white crane hole is from the rock of Pu Tuo, Xuan Wu Dong get into seven star rocks necessarily from of road, the geography is higher but turns and twists, and gloom inside the hole, pass from vulgar but high, from become dark clearly, again my bright four fairy rocks, give person with change Huan everlasting of mysterious feeling.

Four fairy rocks are located in the Pu Tuo north of Shanxi halfway up a hill, connect with great white crane hole, 7.3 meters in height, the breadth is 4~13 meters, deep 32 meters, the area is about 270 square meters, present the form of Qiong Long, the last bottom is even, and the north connects seven star rocks.The entrance to cave is spacious and my bright, the Juan engraves many works in the Mo precipice, there are 4 stalagmites inside the rock, fabulous that day China, month China and star China and interloper joyful is drink to heart's content, increase a miraculous color for mountain cave.Sung, the rock sets up "the Zan takes a station" and early discards.Lately set up a month station and stay a Xia station in the original address in 1978.

The rock of Pu Tuo gives up a north side in the Pu Tuo Jing of the Pu Tuo mountain half waist, 4~10 meters in height, the breadth is 6~9 meters, deep 15 meters, the area is about 120 square meters.Pu Tuo rock the southern north is like triangle book Peng towards wearing, Gao Bi Tong deeply, form.The ground is a slope, there are 25 class stone stairses, divide 3 class ascents to decline, win to establish flower nursery.The Ming Dynasty sets up a green jade in the hole the building once called falsely green jade falsely hole, the building early discards.

Always the spring is in the mountain of Pu Tuo halfway up a hill Pu Tuo stone Lin Pang is one to be like rice Jiu similar natural stone cave, deeply about 30 Li rices, in have already accumulated water, even if in the year of big drought, also never dried up, probably and underground headwaters mutually, in order to make tea, pure sweet proper.

Fly to a stone in stone Guilin, the life Buddha in the Pu Tuo mountain northwest hole south side, listenned to a past address of the station in month a side at first, because of stone have no root, spread for fly of stone.Is 6.4 meters in height, present to pour a cone form, top greatly next small.The crest is even, on all sides cave convex gravamen, up have "may language" two words, is a pure person, remaining heart Ru engrave.

Dynasty cloud hole is located in Pu Tuo Shanxi halfway up a hill, the south has the life Buddha the hole, the breadth is my if hall, entrance to cave west to, 3~6 meters in height, the breadth is 3~4 meters, grow 45 meters, the area is 157 square meters.When dynasty fog was fond of Man, cloud Ning entrance to cave, so call dynasty cloud.The hole expands in Ming Dynasty, the great void monk fixs a Deng way, and set up building Ge in cliff.The entrance to cave has pure poem to engrave 2.

Green jade falsely the Ge is in the mountain of Pu Tuo seven star rock, because of letter green jade in Ge falsely station but get.The Ge is 7 meters in height, the area is 270 square meters.Falsely the green jade station discards for Sung generation constructing, early.Rebuild in the original address in 1956, tore down to change to set up in 1974, Be finished in 19792 F to visit the gallery type station Ge.Xuan steps but up, the upper level visits 2 of the gallery conjunction all of the dissymmetries to visit a station:In the big station, can see prospect in the city;In the small station, can look down seven star rock studio scene.Green jade falsely Ge building, conceive outline a choiceness, absorb Guangxi three river distance sun bridge and the race, folks of"mourn building" in Guilin construct form, station and Ge to in multiple layers pick and increase agile feeling and build on stilts effect, outstanding topic in"the green jade is falsely", drive construct boundary fame for have the examples of the place, race special feature.

Once male rock original the cold water rock , in the Pu Tuo south of Shandong, is as close together as zoo and once made seven star rock exports.The rock is 4~20 meters in height, the breadth is 5~50 meters, hole mansion, have a stone door before the rock, "crooked and go into, then the flowing water is horizontal among them, green jade the milk hang it up, week wreath four see, its form,such as vulture Juan, engraves Lou, the Dai proceeds from ghost work and different from melt knot of is also".The clear stream that comes from underground river wears a rock and leads, river water ice Lie, so also call a cold water rock, this is the special feature that it differs from another mountain cave.The entrance to cave leaves Sung to engrave more than 10 pieces.The hole wall contains slogans, such as"the mountain cave is a school" and"the enemy is bombing, we are having a class"...etc..The period of the war against Japan is all like that used to antiair mountain cave, reflected Chinese people to resist foreign aggression of fight the invading army decision and necessarily win conviction.

The life Buddha hole is located in the Pu Tuo Lu in Shanxi, 3.4 meters in height, the breadth is 6.4 meters, deep 8.5 meters, the area is about 54 square meters.The Ming Dynasty creates for the life Buddha An.Set up to stay a Xia temple before the An.《Face a laurel county ambition 》 carries:"Fluently cure for eight years(1651), Chu the monk Hun is harmonious still is setting up in order to stay a Xia temple, rise to hide through the Ge and listen to the station in month, palace building hall, have the greatest beautiful, the landscape rounds wreath, the bamboo tree Yan reflects and win to visit for a mansion of ground."Clearing out a clue to rebuild for 18 years(1892) is ruined to a battle fire behind.

Play a son rock the mountain is at the Pu Tuo north Lu, the entrance to cave is high my, the breadth is 14 meters, 6~9 meters in height, the breadth is 4~8 meters, deep 65 meters, the area is 280 square meters, assume Hu-like in shape.Li way the dollar 《water through note 》 says:"Mountain very and river, win to have a stone if pill, natural circle bead Yi, past landscape namely how, check its mountain to contain stone Dou, bottom deeply count Zhang, profound on the hole, don't  investigate it pole."Sung Chun Xi(1174~1189), the widely southern west road plans to pacify to make Liu Zhun, "buy land for the Pu, separate bridge to build a station, look upwards rock, if sit cold spring, to fly to various Feng, hence win to visit for Guilin it most".The wall has Sung generation many sculpture carvingses.

Stay a spring rock the mountain is at the Pu Tuo north Lu, the south is apart from to play son rock 50 meters, 3.5~4 meters in height, the breadth is 3~5 meters, deep 18 meters, the area is 69 square meters.One plain before the rock, the spring returns to the earth, the eyeful is lately green, and it make people linger.The rock takes an idea of its"staying to take spring is resident".Stay a spring rock the landscape is so-so, Sung person the beam Anne's a life time wait 《the milk bed endows with 》 that leaves in the cliff, but is a treatise clock milk stone that can not get more to become because of of science thesis, point out "spring spring summer but ooze to flow, over a long period but Ning …… with year old but account it, 100,000 years but Ying inch", be worth very much my open.There is platform before the rock, Sung generation once set up building Ge and provided the place the officials to inspect a spring sowing of use, so called to save a spring rock.Sung 《spring rock in the province 》 poem of Liu Xi Dan:"province spring rock the side order spring dress, alongside the hole mountain spring immerses hole Ji", "the mire Yan doesn't come to light Ji, the wild Lu Gu flies to take to fall Hui".Wrote spring rock in the province to rather get a visitor to appreciate.

Double loyalty station at work properly sword river Ge the old bridge is northern, start Be set up to Kangxi 53 years(1714), in order to Be in remembrance of don't die clearly of Ju type the Si and piece is together my, past again"double loyalty ancestral temple".Guangxu 18 years(1892) reconstruction, increased Hun harmonious still, sex is because of the spirit tablets, such as monk and righteous person Yang Yi...etc..Fight the invading army a period be ruined, the ruins still save.

The crescent moon mountain is located in inside seven star parks, is the Dou handle one of the Fengs of seven star mountains, have a rock because of the halfway up a hill like new moon, past.Ming Dynasty Meng's knowing well a crescent moon rock poem is great:"The sky establishes rock beard for thou, the crescent moon white is now.Tree low thousand shoreses turn, hole my ten thousand Fengses invade", the crescent moon mountain beautiful scenery daintiness, Shanxi follow small east the river have stone class to ascend, follow the road has a companion station, crescent moon rock for month, small widely cold Ge and Jin river Ge etc. view, and all face river's noodles, the visual field is spacious, view in Guilin City know Chen at present, the visitor is might it not be free of mind and happy of heart.Get to Shanxi southern Lu under the stone class, there is Long Yin Dong, Long Yin Yan and laurel sea stone tablet Lin Deng famous spot in Guilin.

Crescent moon building the jade Heng in the crescent moon mountain Feng northern Lu.3 F, bottom for the restaurant, small shop, win is a vegetarian food building, top is party hall, belvedere.The lord building grows 31 meters, deep 13 meters, the total area is about 1200 square meters.Have the hallway to build on stilts and the empress mountain arbor mutually after the building.The whole building constitutes to°from the building, station and gallery, the height is wrong to fall, rise and fall to, combine with close natural environment.The vegetarian food here contains more than 100 years of history and only has one space.Go up to upper floor to taste place taste of at the same time, can also watch with interest the mountain of Pu Tuo and Bo to hope station and Pu Tuo the Jing give up, flower bridge, exhibition and far mountain near view.If Guo Mo the poem lauds in 1963:"The crescent moon building is an art gallery building, eight noodles strange Feng Huo far Mou.The none draws in the Wu strange building and draw difficult and white however excellent."

The companion month station closes to a crescent moon rock on the crescent moon mountain mountain way, takes an idea of rock with the companion crescent moon.Start to set up in Manchu dynasty, twice rebuild for 1958, 1978 years.For 4 pillars, list Yan and Zan point crest square station, long, breadth each 2.9 meters, the area is 8.4 square meters, have a half month form view view the set pick a small east river on, is to overlook river's water, the Yao sees "flower bridge Hong shadow" of a little bit the best.

The crescent moon rock is in the crescent moon halfway up a hill in the north of Shanxi, 2~3 meters in height, the breadth is 1.5~3 meters, deep 10.5 meters, the area is 25 square meters.BE spending Jiao to take a distant view, the rock is like new moon.Inside the rock, it is pure to set up crescent moon mountain of temple, 2 F, up is a view sound palace, descend is a big male treasure palace, Be ruined to fight the invading army a war signal.Lately set up "being small is widely cold" building Ge in the old address in 1963, another set up Jin of river Ge connect with each other by flying arched bridge.At my view view, positive such as pure person, Zhang Bao, describe:"Luo Feng far near heap of 1000:00, the parapet returns to wreath to lock 10000.The jade bamboo shoot precious jade Zan mountain painting, Dan maple purple Mao leaf such as spend."

The small wide Sui is in the crescent moon mountain crescent moon rock.In 1964 at crescent moon mountain temple old address, depend on alongside rock cave situation to build 3 open 2 F in the style of antique building Ge, hard ridge, ascent crest, raise Cape, up have already flown arched bridge and Jin river Ge connect with each other and construct area 230 square meters and establish to travel a merchandise to order, is the ideal place of view view, shopping.

Jin river Ge is by the side of the crescent moon mountain crescent moon rock, at first Be set up to pure, text Chang Ge, fought the invading army a period break ruin.Be finished behind far Tiao building, change the name in 1958 Jin river Ge;Change to set up for the reinforced concrete structure in 1959, 14 meters in height, long breadth each 7.8 meters, the total area is more than 120 square meters.

In 1964 from the building science institute for research theory in China and design in the history laboratory, with small widely cold unified construct, two all is 2 F, but Jin river the Ge elevation is higher.Is small widely cold horizontal composition, 6 capes tower aloft and form a concealed on showing, one low one Gao, one empress a front, one horizontal strong contrast of one Shu.Jin river Ge locates at in leading to the scenery way of Long Yin Donging crescent moon mountain, the north contains flower bridge, the northwest has an old man and fold colourful various mountain, descend face a little east river, is a visitor necessarily through of way, again is appreciate and spend bridge an and take the divine spot that the lovely view constellates.

The station of Can Luan's stone on the stage in the east side of Long Yin Yan, takes more"fly Luan the Xia Can is not" poetry.《Ambition in Guangxi 》 carries and discards for Chengkong University Fan of Sung setting up, behind.Clear reconstruction, change the name Yi cloud station.Clear pack of Yu 《rebuild Yi cloud station to record 》 detailed record it to start don't, Mo precipice depend on sparse can Bian.The station of Can Luan is ex- to face small east of river, empress Tuo Shanxi north Lu, life Buddha hole south side, with fly to a stone close together.It is 7.5 meters in height, present not equilateral polygon.Is verdant to hold such as the jade, the pure Tong Jun engraves "the Cui holds cold rain" on the stone.

The Lan month station at the crescent moon mountain precious jade light apex, original hiss cloud station.There is mountain climbing way by the side of Jin river Ge can reach.This 70's in century lately sets up, is 4 pillar concrete structure in the style of antique station, 6.5 meters in height, grow 5.4 meters, the breadth is 5.8 meters, the area is 31.3 square meters.Sung light Xu sum, the week visits a book to unite.The Li river slowly flows through from north but south, the Tong clan drum building of the east coast race romantic feeling park is high towering to sign, west coast worry mountain, fold colourful, Fu wave, only show and old man the various Feng come clearly to view, looking beyond Guilin to win another good place.

Dan laurel rock at the downtown crescent moon mountain Jin river the Ge west 50 meters place.As well call to soar to the skies hole.The hole river faces west, deep 6 meters, the breadth is 5 meters.Pile up at culture of thick about 2 meterses in, contain the knot soil of Huang He Jiao and Luo hull to pile up a layer, learn in although discover to whet to make bone needle and the deer, pig and sheep animal skeleton and a great deal of petal gill water vivid thing skeleton.It is the ruins of neolithic ancients hole.Because of sabotage, greatly parts of culture pile up depletion already, there is still a little amount damaged site in only cave Houpi.

The Cui holds one of the stones in stone Guilin, at Pu spring.The milk stone inside the hole hangs to hang, the gloom forces Ze, the visitors halt enough to explore more strange, stay Mo rocky cliff to engrave more than 100 pieces.Sung Xi rather set up a sakya temple at Long Yin Yan and is four one of the name templeses for laurel state.Set up to hide stone tablet Ge in 1963.Set up a stone tablet gallery in 1988, the gallery Ge connects with each other and call laurel sea stone tablet wood.Build to display building, 3 F at the rock side again afterward, Gao Ge, song gallery and cornice, the total area reaches to 100 square meters, breadth my brightness, is hide exhibition and view view accompany proper good facilities.

Long Yin Dong is in the crescent moon Lu in the north of Shanxi, 8~12 meters in height, the breadth is 8~20 meters, grow 64 meters, the area is 645 square meters.Have large one, wind around, Jiao strength stone slot Guan hole crest, spread for old Long Yin this to leave trace.The little east river is flowing to note hole, "the gold scale reflection on water water floats empty", reappear the view interest that broke wall but flew in those early years for visitor.Setting up a view view's set at the northwest of the hole in 1963 is the desirable state of view"absolute being dragon".All ages, the visitor isn't unique.Tang Song's sculpture carvings in hole about 100, the posterity has "the wall didn't finish a stone" it to sigh.

In Lu in crescent moon Shanxi, Long Yin Yan is as close together as Long Yin Dong.The rock is 3~5 meters in height, the breadth is 20 meters, deep 10 meters, the area is 200 square meters.Entrance to cave west to, present the form of Qiong Long, be like a pocket, be so called a calico sack rock.Spread an old dragon inside the once concealed rock, the empress is from Long Yin Dong"broke wall but flew", so had Long Yin's.This rock develops a little bit early, Sung person, Tan Ping, lies to say, "world cave, the type is many You yins, or far water, pure rhyme shortage;Long Yin Yan is tall but clear, falsely but have been already permitted, probably green jade fall hole, but ascend to look at of rich then lead it".The southern corner of rock, the eminence contains one rock of hanging, hangs hole;There is one hole in the northern side of rock and be like a trumpet shell, trumpet shell hole, have platform before the hole, is Chan set, have a drop of jade the spring in hole, spread for boil Ming depend on crescent moon foothill, "fly the wing drum, the surroundings contains column, the Zhi declines road", become the ground of generation famous spot.The thou station doesn't reply to save.The original address lately sets up now, concrete structure, 6.5 meters in height, grow breadth each 3.5 meterses, the area is 12.25 square meters, reply an of "Can Luan".

Assist star mountain in the Pu Tuo mountain south, crescent moon Shandong noodles, the elevation is 221 meters, the opposite height is about 71 meters, and the area is 2.75 hectares.《Ambition in Guangxi 》 carries:"Seven star mountain, seven Feng positions are like Big Dipper, another small Feng aside, the day assists a star."The mountain has a small way to travel over, crescent moon mountain, give seven star parks even to add an interesting.

Hilt of a sword stone at the crescent moon mountain jade Heng Feng north, be like a the hilt of a sword that a double-edged sword to peep out in the mountain.The stone is 14.4 meters in height, isolated and lofty, up engrave "row Cui it holds"4 ancient form of writings, is one of five name stones in Guilins.

The camel mountain is one of famous mountains in Guilin City in seven star parks, original wine pot mountain.Very much resembling camel because of its status, hence it.Whenever morning and night, the Xia only reflects to show off mountain stone, the color and luster is rich in hues, very sublime.Clearly pure, below the hills the time plants peach tree, if meet spring into, peach blossom lousy Man, river Xia is purple work, divide an outside flirtatious.Therefore, "pot mountain red Xia" is new Manchu dynasty Guilin eight one of the viewses.The mountain around opens up zoo and the flower arrangement skill pavilions and terraces building Ges, such as Yuan and flower nursery tea room...etc. now.The peach blossom remains, the laurel becomes a wood, flower and fruit full park, "pot mountain red Xia" much more more gorgeous Zi.

Flower arrangement park at seven southeasts in the star park, camel mountain south side, Be finished in 1985, the area is more than 4355 square meters and divide water stone, stake view, milk stone 3 view areas, water stone view area , from entrance to landscape gallery, establish various absorb water stone, water side stone makes into of the flower arrangement , from landscape gallery to water Xie, display various tree stake flower arrangement and outdoor tree stake and cover 2465 square meter;The milk stone view area , from water Xie to exit, displays various clock milk stone flower arrangement and cover 830 square meters, this is the essence of whole Yuanses, it is more totally different than the hole mansion of dreamlike sort.But is to expose under the bright and beautiful sunlight, return it pure and noble original appearance, have of Can if morning glow, the Cui having is like Dai jade, have of absolutely is spray thin of fly spring.Each kind of flower arrangement being all about 2000 belongs to delicacy all, each poetic charm, the idea interest is natural, and adopted window hole, view window, view door and pick plank, ground the view, the Bo thou etc. variety to display style.Constuct inside the view area, set out extremely different, or pond fish, fold a stone, wild goose wall and fence, or even bridge, song gallery, water Xie and pavilions and terraces, or grove, bamboo grove, turf-grass and rattan, with the building essay, courtyard and plant conjunction or box off into some spaces, the turns and twists is nice and secluded, such as go into fairyland, it concuss absolute being the public to move, eyes not the Xia answer.

Work properly a sword river work properly a sword river and work properly sword river again, eastern in the city, come from sun house of southern big river country in Yao Shanxi of northern, the southern Yao mountain highway is one garden pond, there is spring in the pond, whole year round not He.From the pond go to Lu Mao ping An in Yao Shanxi the neighborhood there is one gutters to the north, plentiful water season, water infusion works properly a sword river.Seven bullet mountains work properly a sword river to round its bottom, there is of bullet river.Work properly sword hair to stay a spring rock and play son rock, comrade's bridge, Zhang Shu Mu, seven star mountains from the Yao mountain, through spring rock in the province, will be small east river, round crescent moon, Long Yin, go to wear mountain person Li river, all grow about 9 kilometers.It flows through numerous famous vestige of winnings, it is also most shown affection for by visitor.

篇4

【關鍵詞】 運營商 企業文化 轉型

企業在面臨內外部環境的變化與挑戰、遭受經營管理危機時往往會通過重塑自己的戰略、改變經營模式或者業務層面的創新來穩固競爭地位、維持發展穩定，而企業文化的轉型通常并不被認為是解決上述問題的法門。管理大師埃德加?沙因認為“文化圍繞戰略、架構、流程，它們是環繞和相互作用的關系。眾多戰略咨詢顧問失敗的原因，是他們沒有認識到其戰略建議在文化環境中可能不起作用”。因此，企業在解決經營管理問題、醞釀重大變革時，有必要關注企業文化是否與之適應，進而開展必要的文化轉型。

一、運營商變革的幾大方向

促使企業變革的因素是多方面的，諸如激烈的市場競爭、商業模式的劇變和技術的快速更新迭代，以及來自企業內部的變化等等。而對于當前的通信運營商來說，驅動變革的因素可謂錯綜復雜：外部來說，市場不均衡的格局仍孕育著行業重組的可能、OTT等新興業態替代效應加劇、用戶日趨低值化和低粘度、提速降費等政策不利影響還在消化；內部來講，存在高層的變化余波尚未平息、創新遇到機制體制障礙、員工的士氣急待激發等等問題。應對這些問題，運營商的變革方向我們大致可以梳理出幾條主線。

一是競合。運營商正逐漸擺脫以往單贏的思路，從打破壟斷到參與競爭，而今走向共享競合，方式也不僅限于開放能力和產業鏈上下游合作，運營商還放低姿態，通過從互聯網公司取長補短培植業務創新基因，甚至是同業之間也在為尋找共同利益消弭隔閡，例如電信與聯通正在全面加緊合作，在網絡共建共享等戰略方面達成了合作。

二是聚焦。從廣撒網到精耕作，運營商愈發重視“網絡生命線”，聚焦4G與光寬帶網絡，聚焦高價值群體和區域。中國移動實施“大連接”戰略，鞏固4G領先優勢、抓住“高起點、高質量、高價值”三大關鍵點發展寬帶，中國聯通則圍繞重點城市的4G精品網絡的建設，著力打造匠心網絡，其重點創新業務云計算、大數據、物聯網等也無不是與網絡基礎設施深度相關的領域。

三是釋放員工價值。隨著就業吸引力下降，運營商開始重新審視與員工的關系，注重員工價值的挖潛，進行了多種優化人員結構、激發隊伍活力的調整嘗試。2013年，中國電信既已試點“劃小合算單元”改革，員工打破現有職位，重新向經營單位競聘上崗，中國聯通也在大力推動“人崗匹配”工作。而近年來，運營商提出的員工創業扶持政策，也是激活員工創新能力的有益嘗試。

二、運營商企業文化的現狀與問題

企業文化的核心是企業公開倡導的企業使命、愿景、價值觀和行為理念，此外還包括外顯的組織架構、制度和程序，以及各種被認為當然的下意識的觀念、信念等，這也就是沙因的組織文化睡蓮模型。從三家運營商公開倡導的部分來看，聯通的企業文化脫胎自2009年運營商重組時期，而電信和移動還要更早一些。三家運營商的企業文化普遍都是以一個宏偉的愿景或使命為指引，例如“讓客戶盡情享受信息生活”、“信息生活的創新服務領導者”等，然后形成對仗工整，鏗鏘有力的理念口號、價值準則。總體上來說，幾家的企業文化一是較為雷同，很多內容放之四海而皆準，缺乏足夠的個性，再有就是不夠與時俱進，諸如“領導者”的表達已然不再適應運營商競合、聚焦等變革轉型的方向。

從形成過程來看，運營商企業文化往往都是自上而下產生，打著企業領導者的烙印，員工只是企業文化的被動參與者，由此造成了兩個主要問題，一是因為企業文化內容不夠接地氣，而難于被企業員工全面理解和接受；另一方面文化內容多體現企業對員工的要求，包括責任、奉獻等等，而鮮少有企業對員工的承諾。以中國電信的員工準則為例，“持續學習，高效工作、愛崗敬業，遵章守紀、尊重他人，坦誠溝通、服從大局，忠于企業”每一點都是如此。企業文化得不到員工的認同就失去了落地的前提和基A，也就難以起到凝聚和激發員工的作用。關于落地的問題，企業文化無形中滲透于企業一切活動之中，員工的一切行為都可以在這里找到標準和方向。運營商企業文化的落地方式可能并不像“文化文化墻上一掛”說的那么糟糕，但是落地方式和手段也確實比較匱乏。最典型的方式可能就是在制作了厚厚的文化綱要之后做做培訓、貼貼標語，再者就是搞些文娛活動之類的項目，且不說這些方式在多大程度上能激發員工的投入和熱情，作為擁有幾十萬員工的大型企業，要想讓企業文化一以貫之，以上的方式恐怕從效率和效果上都不盡如人意。

企業文化建設與落地失敗最直接的結果就是企業文化和外顯組織架構、制度、流程完全是兩張皮，企業文化所倡導的和企業下意識所奉行的想法、做法之間嚴重脫節，無論是外部客戶還是內部員工都會因此對企業失去信任，忠誠度降低，最終動搖企業長期穩定健康發展的根基。

三、變革時期運營商企業文化轉型建議

在企業變革過程中，“當外界的壓力和內部的危機力量沖擊組織時，已有的群體約定或者價值導向會受到挑戰，群體對曾經帶來輝煌的信念變得不再自信”，企業文化就會面臨“解凍”。并不是每一次成功的企業戰略變革都伴隨著文化的轉型，但成功的戰略變革背后必是與之相適應的文化背景，因此在分析發現運營商的企業文化已經妨礙了其經營管理變革時，文章給出以下一些有助于企業文化轉型的建議：

增強戰略契合：文化與戰略的契合問題之所以被老生常談也恰恰說明其重要性。當前，為了獲得持續性的競爭優勢，變革已經漸成常態，企業文化轉型的也必須跟上速度，避免因僵化帶來的戰略失敗風險。傳統的企業文化體系下，運營商不愿輕易進行文化轉型，一方面放之四海皆準的口號掩蓋了其與變革方向不適應的問題，另一方面過于注重“高大全”的建設思路，讓文化體系一旦成形就積重難返。因此不管運營商的變革方向如何，企業文化轉型首先要落實的就是“簡單有效”的原則，在保留其精髓一貫的同時，其外延應根據戰略變革要具有更高的可塑性。

以人為本：這個“人”無疑應是企業文化的最終“用戶”――企業的員工。根據智聯招聘2015年一份調查顯示，通信行業是80、90后員工占比例最高的三大行之一，80、90后這批就業主力軍敢于表達自我、更加注重自身價值的實現，其鮮明的個性特點與運營商傳統的控制式、權威式的企業文化沖突明顯。企業文化如何做到以人為本，給員工舞臺，讓員工實現價值，讓員工成為企業文化的建設主體只是最基礎的一步，更重要的是在企業文化的內涵和實踐上體現平等、尊重、自由和關懷等核心價值觀。例如騰訊的企業文化倡導“通過提升企業地位與品牌形象，使員工具有高度的企業榮譽感和自豪感，贏得員工尊敬”，員工的主體地位凸顯無疑。

善用載體：企業文化形成后，載體就猶如滋養其生長的土壤。個體對企業文化的融入都要有意或無意地經歷獲得信息、理解信息、做出判斷、付諸行動這樣一個習得過程。傳統的企業文化落地方式如我們前面提到的培訓、文體活動等其嗤性更強，在使員工初步獲得和理解企業文化時或許效果更直接，但在從認識到自覺踐行的關鍵轉化環節不是一蹴而就的，需要在企業經營的日常中不斷的重復和強化，需要核心層的文化理念能穿透到企業考核、獎懲、合作、資源分配等的制度、領導的言行等方方面面。譬如我們鼓勵員工創新，就應有寬容的領導氛圍、容錯的機制等。

創新工具手段：作為信息通信產業的主力，運營商在企業文化傳播的工具手段上卻不像其所處的行業一樣創新和開放。員工的思維方式、行為模式都已經被互聯網化，傳統自上而下的傳遞方式已不符合互聯網時代扁平、同步、網狀的特點。企業文化建設工具手段的選擇應該考慮員工的特點，加快推進新媒體平臺的建設，突破區域的局限性、增強互動性，例如可以讓全員在同一是時段共同參與線上活動等，避免因員工分布區域廣泛而出現信息的失真、斷層。

四、結束語

文章給出的建議僅限于方法論層面，因為即使變革方向和內外部環境有諸多相似，每家運營商也有不同的文化基因，對建成怎樣的企業文化不能一概而論。美國哈佛大學商學院的約翰?科特教授指出：“凡是重視企業文化因素特征的公司，其經營業績遠遠勝于那些不重視企業文化建設的公司”，因此，運營商在加速變革的同時一定要重視企業文化的同步，推動企業文化的揚棄，并通過多種手段適應員工的需求和互聯網競爭形勢，使企業文化根植于員工內心，以達到通過文化轉型促進企業績效提升、戰略成功的目標。

參 考 文 獻

[1]馮云霞，高原.如何駕馭變革過程中的文化轉型――沙因文化理論及海底撈實踐的啟示[J].清華管理評論， 2016年7月.

[2]曲慶.虛實之道―如何讓企業文化真正落地[J].清華管理評論， 2016年7月.

篇5

首先，茶業的繁榮，促進了瓷器制造業的繁榮，為瓷器的發展奠定了物質基礎。唐代，茶成為了大眾消費品，中國北方也已經是“茶為食物，無異米鹽。”（《舊唐書•李玉傳》）文獻中記載：“江淮之人，什二三以茶為業。”（《全唐文•祁門縣新修閶門溪記》這些都可以充分說明，在唐代，茶已經深入到人們日常生活當中，范圍上也已擴展至全國，在國家的經濟當中起到舉足輕重的作用。茶葉的興盛推動了瓷器制造業的繁榮，《中國茶經》有這樣的記載：“唐朝中期，北方消費茶增多，引起各地瓷窯的興起，尤以燒制茶具為中心。”根據考古發掘的資料來看，這一時期窯址的出土物中，與茶器相關的器物數量遠遠多于前代，也在同時代出土器物中占了很大比重。以越窯為例，盛唐一朝，碗、盤、水盂、注子產量最大，占所有出土物的80%以上，而以碗的出土量最為巨大。（《中國陶瓷史》）除了水盂之外，上面提及的其他三種瓷器均作為茶具使用。

其次，茶文化的興起，推動了瓷器器型的革新。唐代以前，瓷器尚保留了大量陶器的特征。自茶文化興起，瓷器變得更加靈動。以壺為例，魏晉時期流行“雞首壺”，壺身與早先的陶罐無異，僅多一雞首狀流，盤口、鼓腹，短小流，整件器物重心偏下，顯得厚重。唐代以后，“湯瓶”取代了“雞首壺”，盤口逐漸變為侈口，腹變小，流加長，且流多管狀或棱狀，重心上移，整件器物顯得活潑。這些變化，可能與晚唐時期興起的“點茶法”有關。“點茶法”即先將茶末置于盞內，用湯瓶注以沸水，將茶末調成膏狀，最后持湯瓶向盞中沖注適量熱水而成飲用的茶。向茶盞中沖注的動作稱為“點”，因為盞的容量很小“，點”特別講究技巧，否則沸水很容易溢出。于是對裝沸水的湯瓶的要求也逐漸提高，從流里面傾倒的水水流要順暢、水量要適度、落水要準確。為了便于點注，高頸、長腹、長流的湯瓶應運而生。管狀和多棱狀的流，順暢性和水流穩定性明顯好于魏晉時期流行的雞首流。魏晉時期的碗，直口或者斂口，深腹、實心底，與陶缽較為相似。至唐代中期，碗多為侈口，由深腹變為淺腹，圜底增多。唐代晚期流行斜直壁碗，器型也有逐漸變小的趨勢。關于唐代文人飲茶方式，文獻中也有零星的記載。唐代具有較高史料價值的筆記小說《封氏聞見記》卷六有這樣的記載：“……伯熊著黃批衫烏紗帽，手執茶器，口通茶名，區分指點，左右刮目。”茶器內裝的是剛剛煎完的茶，溫度較高；喝茶時要能“手執茶器”而不燙手，茶器應該便于散熱，而且方便“手執”。這一時期大量發現的敞口、淺腹、圜底的小碗，敞口、淺腹利于散熱，小巧、圜底的特點，使人能以手執住而不致燙手，很可能是作茶具用。這種小型侈口碗，應是陸羽所提及的“口唇不卷，底卷而淺，受半升以下”的茶甌。

再次，由于品茶、斗茶風氣的興盛，人們不僅對茶色、茶味進行品評，還提高了對茶具的審美要求，進而推動了瓷器裝飾性造型、紋樣的產生，大大增強其文化內涵。“花口”是唐代瓷器的一大特色。中晚唐時，花口造型開始出現并逐漸流行，大致與茶文化興起的時間一致。根據考古的出土材料看，晚唐時的茶具大量采用花口造型。如當時流行的花口茶甌，通常表現為五瓣花形，腹部無棱，圈足稍外撇，器型小巧精致。陸羽認為“膻鼎腥甌，非器也”，即茶具已經不是一般的食用器，而是具有了一定文化內涵的器物符號。“花口”的造型，大大提升瓷器的文化內涵，使其脫離了“食用器”的范疇。1987年發掘的陜西扶風法門寺地宮，發現了極其精美的秘色瓷碗。根據其器型、一同出土的金銀茶具及文化意義上分析，這些秘色瓷碗應該為茶具。以茶具為代表的瓷器燒造，其技術已為我國青瓷制造的最高水平。

篇6

網絡營銷不僅僅是“把產品搬上網”,營銷型網站的存在必須是為了用戶訪問,首先吸引有潛在價值的用戶點擊,才能談到隨后的一切。所以建站前就得考慮好網站推廣的各項基本元素,從營銷角度去策劃,真正能給企業帶來知名度、客戶和效益的,才是一個買賣互動的“活網站”。怎樣向“活網站”蛻變,以較少的成本、較快時間內在產品銷售上尋得突破?中小企業不必模仿大企業的做法,而應根據自身特點,努力把握好幾個關鍵要素,就可以在互聯網上脫穎而出。

(一)定位明確、思路清晰

定位,就是找準你的目標客戶以及企業對應的產品或服務的差異化價值(即優勢所在)。網站最想做給哪些人看?他們最想看到什么?打開網站后,能否誘發他們進一步的興趣或好感,吸引他們變成企業的準客戶?只有做好定位后,才能找到設計的方向。而所有設計思路都應從客戶的視角出發,這是營銷型網站的首要要素。

1.把握核心業務客戶的心理和行為。網站要突出核心業務,區分經營主次。從圖一到圖三可見,該網站推介“log house”的目的非常明確,網頁標題、網站域名、公司介紹、產品目錄、行業信息和所有圖片等,全部緊密扣緊log house;而且主要型號放在網站首頁,一目了然,因為它面對的客戶屬于大眾消費品(如工藝品、紡織、電子等)的經銷商,在門檻較低、競爭激烈的市場中,經銷商們最想知道你具有哪些優勢品種或新鮮品種,所以產品首頁務必要針對客戶心態,突出顯示此項。如果產品換作機械設備,那產品首頁就要強調設備的技術特點與服務對象,目的都是為了讓訪問者一眼判定這是不是他想找的東西。

2.專業形象讓客戶信任。對訪問者來說,網站就代表了企業的視覺形象。如同人的打扮要與人的社交地位相襯,網站的整體風格也要與企業的定位相符,否則就會降低訪問者對企業的信任度,影響客戶的后續接觸。美國斯坦福大學研究認為,網站訪問者對公司的信任是促成訪問者轉化成客戶的關鍵因素,為此,增強網站可信任性建設的“十大準則”包括:網站顯示出有一個真實的企業或組織存在;顯示出網站背后有值得信任的團隊存在;強調團隊中的專家及所提供服務的專業性等。中小企業受實力所限,不能模仿大企業的“大而全”形象,而應重點突出本行業的專業水準,以贏得客戶青睞。像一些出色的首頁,從色彩設計、畫面選擇、實景照片配備和文字內容,均不離核心產品log house,所傳遞出的信息集中而強烈,無一點多余內容,顯示出了業務熟捻,并且整體氣質自然清新、向上,很貼切地詮釋了產品和企業形象,令訪問者心生好感。因此,做網站整體策劃時,要時刻考慮客戶的需求,不能盲目跟風,不能只顧及頁面表面的美觀,美觀度常常是放在最后才考慮的事情;也不能只顧及企業老板的喜好。網站不是花錢越多、越花哨越好,只有切合銷售的才是最好的。

(二)易記的域名、快捷的服務器

域名即是“網上商標”,具有唯一性。對于著力開拓海外市場的企業來說,最好把英文站點與中文站點分開,注冊獨立的英文域名,以外向型的形象出現。英文域名不必與中文名一致,要簡潔易記。常見的英文域名方式是把企業的中文名稱置換成對應的漢語拼音或英語,但可能會讓外國人對其詞義不明所以;另一種是以經營領域為名,給客戶以直觀的視覺沖擊,哪種方式是以營銷結果為導向的,是顯而易見的。

網站存放的空間即是服務器,有幾種類型,其中虛擬主機是世界上絕大部分企業建站的選擇。選購虛擬主機時除了要關注其性能,還要了解:1、是否支持自己網站的語言類型。2、自己網站規模多大,避免造成投入浪費,中小型企業網站一般在100M-200M即可。3、機房地點、穩定性、安全性等。要選擇信譽好、可支持7*24小時技術服務的服務商,并在不同時段、不同位置上,測試網站的速度和穩定性。

英文網站最好放到海外服務器上。雖然我國的國際出口帶寬增長很快,到今年6月底達到約748G,但面對國內3億多的網民和眾多企業,相比于發達國家,我國的出口帶寬仍是杯水車薪,所以國外用戶訪問國內站點時往往速度緩慢,打開一個頁面需要幾十秒、上百秒。然而國外調查顯示,對10秒內打不開的網頁,用戶就會放棄,歐美國家寬帶用戶的忍耐時間更短;首頁打開時間每增加100毫秒,網站銷售量會減少1%。可見,滯緩的速度會嚴重削弱訪問者的興趣,這樣的網站就要面臨死亡。所以選擇國外空間,提高速度,直面客戶群,可使英文網站有更好的推廣效果。

如果客戶以歐美國家為主,可把服務器放在美國或歐洲;若客戶以亞洲為主,可以把網站放在香港,香港在亞洲范圍內速度最快。服務器在國外,還會顯著提高網站在Google、Yahoo等搜索引擎上的更新頻率和排名,因為Google的發源地是美國,其搜索網頁的Spider會優先收錄美國本地的網頁。目前國內有不少虛擬主機的服務商都能提供海外虛擬主機服務。海外服務器的價格通常會比國內服務器高一點,但如果有耐心就能找到“性價比”很不錯的服務器。

(三)適度的“搜索引擎優化”

網站建好后一定要去做網站推廣,“養在深閨無人知”是形成“死網站”的主要原因之一。搜索引擎是用戶得知新網站、尋找貨源的最主要途徑。“搜索引擎優化”是指通過對網頁內容、結構等要素的合理設計與專業的優化技術,使網站符合Google、Yahoo等搜索引擎的運作規則,力爭使網站進入搜索結果的首頁(左側前10位),這是目前效果最好、最成熟的網站推廣方式。根據iProspect2008年調查報告,搜索的首頁攔截了68%的點擊流量,第二頁的點擊機會不到20%,前三頁一共攔截了92%的流量;只有8%的人去點擊三頁之后的結果。可見,一個靠前的排名對商業競爭非常有利,能第一時間吸引用戶眼球,迅速增加訪問量,以較低的成本在短時間內提升企業知名度。因此,良好的搜索引擎表現是營銷型網站的必備要素。

從世界范圍來說Google對企業最重要,它每天處理近3億的搜索請求,接近全球搜索量的2/3,商機無限。美國Data Recovery Group公司曾一直在Google上排名第四,2002年1月在無預警的情況下突然被Google排除在搜尋結果之外,結果該公司業務馬上下跌了30% 。Google在歐美許多國家的市場占有率居絕對地位,以致很多用戶認為你若未被列入Google的檢索,就等于在整個網絡世界上消失了。對中小型企業有利的是,Google左側排名是免費的,且公平度較高,這點與Yahoo! 等其它搜索引擎不同。與其花錢購買其它網站的排名,不如把這個費用省下來做Google搜索引擎優化,并且會有骨牌效應,連帶在其它搜索引擎網站的排名都會有所改善。

關鍵詞(短語)的選取是搜索引擎優化的重中之重。選錯了詞,后面的推廣工作便是徒勞。注意,外貿企業要做的是英文Google的“搜索引擎優化”。選擇英文關鍵詞,要考慮中西方的文化差異,符合目標客戶的使用習慣。至少要有兩個單詞以上的組合以縮小搜索范圍,切忌使用意義寬泛的單一詞匯,比如只一個“house”;要使用大部分用戶認同的產品名稱,不要使用不規范的說法或鮮少人知道的型號。有咨詢公司通過調查發現,我國機械企業網站的產品名稱標識很不規范,超過95%的網站缺乏優化意識;甚至用自己公司名字在網上搜尋時,有27.1%的企業網站都不能在搜索結果前3頁找到自己。

建站前,就要了解用戶搜索時常用的關鍵詞組合及使用頻率,并按照自己所選的關鍵詞組織網頁標題和頁面文字,如圖一窗口最頂行的“log house/wooden house/log cabin/log home builder/xxx”,就是該產品搜索的常用關鍵詞,并且按使用頻率從高到低排列,而且這些詞在圖二、圖三的“公司介紹”、“產品目錄”等內容里反復出現,是為了便于搜索引擎抓取。這家木屋網站在08年9月建立,目前在英文Google的排名仍居首頁,不到一年時間里收到有效詢盤200多件,平均每月20件左右,其效果顯而易見。

(四)頁面簡練大方

跟一般中國人習慣認為的“花哨才能吸引人”不同,外國人尤其是歐美客戶,講究直接、實用。所以,營銷型英文網站從形式到內容都應以簡約、明朗、大方的設計為主,摒棄過于中國化的華麗宏大,以適應國外客戶的審美觀念和思維方式。而且,如跑馬燈一樣的繁瑣形式,會減慢網頁打開速度,既不利于用戶訪問,也很不利于搜索引擎優化。所以,網站首頁不宜用大量的flash或圖片,應以靜態頁面為主,圖片最好不要超過50kb。

網站結構應優化,符合客戶的瀏覽習慣,設有清晰的導航、網站地圖、站內搜索、完善準確的產品資料和詳細的聯系方式等。網站布局層次簡潔、鮮明;有關產品、聯系方式等客戶最關心的內容,直接放在首頁;聯系方式多樣,既有地址、電話、郵箱,又有即時通訊(MSN)和在線留言,目的都是引導客戶少點幾次鼠標就可以找到他想要的信息。

英文站點的文字翻譯一定要專業,符合國外語言習慣。特別提醒的是,“公司簡介”務必質樸、簡練,把發展歷史、業務范圍、對客戶的承諾等如實說明即可,切忌夸大渲染,切忌使用口號式的“中式英語”。中文網站常見的假大空文字,類似抒發企業豪情和精神等,絕不能直譯過來搬到英文網站上,即使想表達,用一句話概括足矣。因為國外客戶根本不在意這些,只看產品和服務,而且這類中式英語往往辭不達意,多半會讓外國人感到難以理解或好笑,適得其反。

有些中小企業的網站細節粗糙,主頁上把“contact”寫成“contract”;有的產品已經刪除了或鏈接失效了,可圖片還在,訪問者點進去卻什么都沒有;英文站中還援引中文地圖,諸如此類的錯誤。細節決定成敗,切莫因為細處的不完善而增加訪問者的不滿從而丟失潛在客戶。斯坦福大學總結的網站可信性建設的十大準則,其中也包括:網站設計的專業性;避免文字錯誤,無論是多么微小的失誤!

(五)持續的網站維護

網站建好后不意味著一勞永逸,必須有持續、有效的維護和改進。內容很少更新的網站既對訪問者沒有吸引力,也影響搜索引擎的排名。網站更新除了增刪產品圖片,還可增加文字頁面,如產品介紹、市場變化、企業動態等。因為這種內容不但利于提高客戶興趣,而且更容易被搜索引擎抓取。“在線反饋”功能可視企業人員情況決定是否安裝,如果安裝了,一定要有人能及時答復客戶,以免影響客戶對網站的信任度。

篇7

智力是優秀運動員的必備素質，在世界競技體育迅猛發展和競爭日趨激烈的今天，對運動員的智力水平要求越來越高，特別是在一些技戰術性較強的運動項目中表現得更為突出。這就要求在運動員的早期選材中必須重視智力因素，以提高選材、育材的成功率。

由于決定一個人智力水平的因素較多，衡量智力的標準尚不統一，很難將智力量化。目前，一般仍然采用韋氏(WAIS)量表和瑞文量表測試法來評定一個人的智力水平，而這種測試方法比較繁瑣，在早期基層選材實踐中難以實施。從80年代開始，有人根據人類遺傳學的一因多效和連鎖遺傳的原理，探討皮紋與智力的相關性，以期應用皮紋進行選材。但是，多數學者所選用的實驗對象為成人或優秀運動員，與早期實際選材相脫節，加之學者們的研究結果在某些指標上表現不盡相同和研究的樣本量較小，誤差較大等因素，使皮紋選材的理論體系尚不夠完善。本研究的目的就是對某些有爭議的皮紋指標進一步研究，以確定與智力的相關性。同時，對一些尚未開發的皮紋指標進行探討，發現其與智力的相關程度及規律，以期完善皮紋選材理論體系，最終為科學選材實踐服務。

1　研究方法

1.1　智商的測定

采用我國學者李丹等修訂的瑞文測驗聯合型，對曲阜師范大學附中、附小和曲阜市實驗小學的8～13歲的767名中、小學生嚴格按照要求進行團體測試，考慮到受試者中有部分農村兒童，故用中國農村兒童常模換算每一個受試者的智商分值。

1.2　皮紋的拓取和指標的測定

在以班為單位測試智商的基礎上，嚴格按照掌紋采樣要求，由專人拓取每人掌紋，剔除掌紋中無三叉點a或t者和模糊不清者，得有效皮紋樣本723份(男365人、女358人)，均為漢族學生。應用cummins等皮膚紋理圖像分析法，借助放大鏡、直尺、量角器等觀察測量掌三叉(atd角)。指三叉點a和b間的嵴紋數目(a—bRC)、指紋強度(TFRC)、斗型紋(W，雙箕Wd)、箕型紋(L，尺箕Lu，橈箕Lr)、弓型紋(A)、通貫手(SC)、大魚際真實花紋(TAtp)、小魚際真實花紋(HAtp)、第3指間區花紋(I3)、第4指間區花紋(I4)、指白線等指標。

1.3　數據處理

對所測各項指標均輸入微機進行處理，分別計算各指標的平均值和標準差或出現百分率，采用t檢驗，方差分析、相關分析、多元線性回歸及多元逐步回歸分析，顯著性水平p＜0.05。

2　結果與分析

2.1　男、女生IQ與皮紋類型分布

篇8

I like going to school by like, because I think I can keep healthy by riding. Bicycles are still popular in Beijing. Some foreigners buy bicycles to ride. But more and more people buy cars because they think they are faster than bicycles. In fact the exhaust gas from cars makes the air dirty and they waste energy.I think bicycles are better than cars.

我喜歡騎自行車上學，因為我可以通過騎車保持健康。北京依然流行自行車，一些外國人也買自行車騎。但是越來越多的人買汽車，因為他們認為汽車比自行車快。事實上，汽車尾氣污染了空氣，浪費能源。我認為自行車比汽車好。

Bicycles are still popular in Beijing. It's convenient to go to school or go to work by bike. It can help people to keep healthy.But more and more people buy cars because they think they are faster than bicycles. The exhaust gas from cars pollutes the air and they waste energy. I prefer riding bicycles because it is cheap and keeps the air clean.

自行車在北京依然很流行，騎車上學或上班很方便，它能幫助人們保持健康。但是越來越多的人買汽車，因為他們認為汽車比自行車快。汽車的尾氣污染了空氣，浪費了能源。我喜歡騎車因為它便宜并且不會污染空氣。

篇9

關鍵詞：漏電保護器；誤動；拒動；越級跳閘；保護盲區；應對措施 文獻標識碼：A

中圖分類號：TM588 文章編號：1009-2374（2015）24-0136-02 DOI：10.13535/ki.11-4406/n.2015.24.067

在低壓配網系統中，科學地選擇、安裝、運行管理漏電保護器可以提高供電可靠性，對保證人身和設備安全具有相當重要的作用。但在實際工作中，由于安裝、運行管理知識的匱乏，致使漏電保護器不能安全、可靠運行，下文就運行中的常見問題進行分析。

1 漏電保護器發生誤動的原因

漏電保護器發生誤動的原因主要有：（1）漏電保護器暴露在較強的電磁場環境中，容易誘發動作信號，在沒有漏電的情況下，產生誤動；（2）由于負荷較大，當開關合閘時對漏電保護器產生較強的沖擊信號，造成誤動；（3）中性線重復接地可能造成串流誤動；（4）漏電保護器額定動作電流過低引起誤動。

曾經在一次專項檢查中發現，一個農村低壓用戶私自拆除漏電保護器。拆除的原因是：每次啟動潛水泵時，漏電保護器都會跳閘，導致潛水泵無法工作。通過對漏電保護器進行檢查，發現該用戶漏電保護器額定動作電流為15mA。因微型潛水泵及其部分線纜泡在水中，泄露電流較大，超過15mA，用戶所選漏電保護器靈敏度過高，因此造成漏電保護器頻繁跳閘。

所以，科學地選擇額定漏電動作電流值對于漏電保護器安全、可靠運行是非常重要的，選擇漏電動作電流值應考慮兩方面因素：一是泄漏電流值超過漏電動作電流值時，漏電保護器可有選擇地動作；二是漏電保護器存在正常泄漏電流，正常泄漏電流小于漏電動作電流值時漏電保護器不應動作。

2 漏電保護器發生拒動的原因

電網發生接地，漏電保護器由以下原因產生拒動：（1）在安裝中性線時，將中性線設置為多點重復接地，漏電保護器會產生分流拒動；（2）當電源缺相時，所缺相是漏電保護器的工作電源時，會產生拒動；（3）漏電保護器分級保護不匹配引起越級跳閘。

目前，完成農網改造的配電臺區都已經實現了漏電保護分級保護。但在實際使用中，由于選擇動作時間和動作電流值不恰當，導致各級漏電保護器配合不到位，發生事故時，下一級漏電保護器動作跳閘的同時，上一級漏電保護器也一起斷開，引起越級跳閘，從而失去了分級保護的意義和作用。

3.1 總保護動作電流值的選擇

安裝總漏電保護器時，應盡可能靠近低壓電源進線端。以保證其保護范圍覆蓋供電的低壓網絡。所以，應根據保護范圍內的設備容量的大小、特性選擇總漏電保護器的動作特性。即依據保護范圍內的設備容量的大小、特性來確定總漏電保護器額定動作電流值和動作

時間。

實際工作中，首先應考慮到總保、分保、家保三級漏電保護器之間的銜接、配合，以確保分級保護的有效性，所以總保在動作電流值和動作時間的選擇上應大于分保的動作電流值和動作時間。因此，總保首選低靈敏度延時型，額定動作電流值應大于最大三相不平衡電流的2倍。

3.2 分支漏電保護器動作電流值的選擇

分支漏電保護器的額定動作電流值不應大于總漏電保護器的定值。根據實際運行資料分析，在分支漏電保護系統中，為保證分支漏電保護器安全、可靠動作，消除誤動現象，應以實際檢測的線路最大泄漏電流為基數，乘以2.5倍作為分支電路漏電保護器的動作電流值。同時對照檢測的，分支電路漏電保護器的動作電流值應是最大設備泄漏電流值的4倍以上。

在需要保護有兩條以上支線的單相線路時，可按每戶允許剩余電流與用戶數乘積的2倍確定額定剩余電流動作值，也可按照實測值確定。

3.3 末端漏電保護器動作電流值的選擇

末端漏電保護器的動作電流值，應不大于30mA。對容量較大的單臺設備，應選用動作電流值大于設備正常泄漏電流值的4倍的漏電保護器。一般選用30mA以上100mA以下快速動作的漏電保護器。

3.4 各級漏電保護器動作時間級差的合理選擇

在各級漏電保護系統中，應依據額定動作電流值與動作時間協調配合的原則，來科學、合理的選擇各級漏電保護器動作特性，在一般情況下，不應出現越級跳閘、同步跳閘等導致大面積停電的現象。

一般總漏電保護動作時間選擇延時0.1～2.0s，延時時間一般設置為：0.2、0.4、0.8、1.0、1.5s，延時動作特性可定為：在ⅠΔn（額定剩余動作電流）時，最大動作時間為額定的延時時間加0.1s；在5ⅠΔn時，最大動作時間為規定的延時時間。這樣就有效地保證了各級漏電保護其動作時間間隔為0.2s，上級最小動作時間與下級最大動作時間相隔有0.1s余地，末級漏電保護器動作時間應不大于0.1s。

因此，要實現裝設分級漏電保護器盡可能縮小事故停電范圍的目的，就必須合理設置漏電保護器動作電流的級差配合和額定動作時間的級差配合，應該做到上級漏電保護器額定動作電流大于下一檔，額定動作時間做到上級長于下級一檔。當選擇上有困難時，上下級動作電流可選用同一檔，但保護動作時間應上級比下級長

一檔。

4 三相負荷不平衡引起總漏電保護器誤動

當前，農村家用電器、電動工器具迅速普及，導致配變三相負荷不平衡，引起配變中性點位移，中性點位移越嚴重，中性線上的不平衡電流越大。當不平衡電流大于總漏電保護器的額定動作電流時，將導致總漏電保護器誤動。

針對此類情況，就必須重新統計各相實際負荷，并對負荷發展情況進行預測，依據對各相負荷統計及預測情況，對負荷進行科學調整，使三相負荷趨于平衡，將中性線上的電流控制在正常范圍內，使總漏電保護器得以正常運行。

5 其他注意事項

當發生人體單相觸電事故時，即在負載側接觸一根相線（火線）時，此時電流通過相線―人體―大地，泄漏電流大于漏電保護器的動作電流，漏電保護器就及時跳閘，斷開電源。

如果人體站在干燥的木頭上或穿著絕緣鞋時，電流通過相線―人體―零線時，由于人體對地絕緣，對大地無泄漏電，漏電保護器就不跳閘，起不到保護作用。

在運行中，部分人在漏電保護器動作時，圖省事、嫌麻煩，不認真查找原因，而是采取了將漏電保護器短接或拆除的錯誤方式，這種現象應及時糾正。

低壓配電網中裝設漏電保護器是防止發生人身觸電傷亡事故、減小停電面積的有效辦法，但安裝了漏電保護器并不能代表不會發生事故，應同時采取相應的防止觸電和電氣設備損壞事故的技術措施，如安裝斷路器等，才能保證人身及設備的安全。

參考文獻

[1] 剩余電流保護器的一般要求（GB6829-1995）[S].

[2] 剩余電流動作保護裝置安裝和運行（GB13955-2005）[S].

[3] 漏電保護器農村安裝運行規程（SL445-2009）[S].

篇10

指紋識別技術是新近發展起來的一項高新技術。指紋識別是利用人體指紋的唯一性與不變性生理特征,將指紋作為人的一種“活的身份證”或一個隨身攜帶的特殊印章來進行身份識別的一種技術。MBF200是富士通公司推出的一款固態指紋傳感器芯片,該芯片具有自動指紋檢測功能,可支持多種接口模式,設計方便。本文詳細介紹了MBF200的特性,給出了其在USB總線接口模式下的電路實現方法,以及讀取所采集數據的軟件流程。該設計可用于便攜式指紋數據采集系統、智能卡系統、數據庫、網絡和當地存儲的安全進入系統,以及其它安全訪問控制系統。

2 MBF200的主要特點

MBF200具有高性能、低功耗和低成本等特點,屬于電容性傳感器。其電容性傳感器陣列由二維金屬電極組成,所有金屬電極充當一個電容板,接觸的手指充當第二個電容板,器件表面的鈍化層作為兩板的絕緣層。當手指觸摸傳感器表面時,指紋的高低不平就會在傳感器陣列上產生變化的電容,從而引起二維陣列上電壓的變化,并形成指紋傳感圖像。其主要特點有:

是采用標準COMS技術的電容性固態器件;

具有500dpi的分辨率;

傳感器面積為1.28cm×1.50cm;

傳感器陣列為256×300點;

具有自動指紋檢測能力;

內含8位模數轉換器;

可提供三種總線接口形式;

帶有8位微處理器總線接口;

帶有全速USB接口和SPI接口;

可提供3.3V~5V的工作電壓;

5V工作電壓下的功耗小于70mW。

MBF200的內部結構如圖1所示。其中256×300點傳感陣列用于產生感應電壓;功能寄存器用于對芯片進行操作控制;控制電路用于傳感器與外部接口電路的控制,主要負責數據的讀出與寫入;地址索引寄存器與數據寄存器分別用于對功能寄存器的地址選擇及數據的讀寫;采樣保持及AD轉換電路用于對傳感陣列所產生的電壓進行采樣。另外,多頻振蕩電路用于為芯片提供時鐘信號。

3 器件功能

3.1 功能寄存器

MBF200是可編程的傳感器芯片,它所具有的強大功能是通過內部寄存器設置完成的。表1所列是這些功能寄存器的地址和功能。在對這些寄存器進行操作時,先向地址寄存器內寫入所要訪問寄存器的地址,然后讀寫數據寄存器即可。

表1 MBF200中的功能寄存器

地 址 標 識 功 能 0x00 RAH 行地址高位 0x01 RAL 行地址低位 0x02 CAL 列地址低位 0x03 REH 行末地址低位 0x04 REL 行末地址低位 0x05 CEL 列末地址低位 0x06 DTR 放電時間寄存器 0x07 DCR 放電電流寄存器 0x08 CTRLA 控制寄存器A 0x09 LTRLB 控制寄存器B 0x0A CTRLC 控制寄存器C 0x0B SRA 狀態寄存器 0x0C PGC 可編程增益控制寄存器 0x0D ICR 中斷控制寄存器 0x0E ISR 中斷狀態寄存器 0x0F THR 門限寄存器 0x10 CIDH 芯片標識高 0x11 CIDL 芯片標識低 0x12 TST 測試模式寄存器

由于列地址最大為256,所以,MBF200只有一個列開始寄存器CAL和一個列結束寄存器CEL。另外,THR用于在自動檢測指紋時設置門限電壓。PGC用于在A/D轉換時設置放大器的增益。

3.2 MBF200的工作過程

MBF200的傳感器陣列由256列300行的傳感器單元組成。每一列有兩個采樣保持電路,每次捕獲一行指紋圖像數據。行捕獲分為兩個階段,第一階段,將電容板的被選行充電到3.3V或5V,在充電的同時,一個內部信號使能一個采樣保持電路以采樣被選行的電容單元電壓;第二階段是傳感器板放電階段,放電快慢由放電電流寄存器決定。放電階段結束后,可由一個內部信號使能另一個采樣保持電路去采樣電容單元的最后電壓,充電電壓與放電電壓之差就是所要測量的有用傳感信號電壓。行捕獲結束之后,接著對該信號進行數字化,從而完成一次采樣。實際上,該芯片的靈敏度是由放電電流和放電時間寄存器來調節的。

3.3 MBF200的接口模式

MBF200支持三種接口形式和四種操作模式,這四種操作模式相互獨立,不能同時工作。其功能如表2所列。

表2 MBF200的操作模式

MODE[1,0] 描 述 00 微處理器接口模式 01 SPI接口模式 10 USB模式,用內部ROM 11 USB模式,用外部ROM

在微處理器接口模式中,可將MFB200與51系列8位單片機相連,且其接口形式非常簡單。需要說明的是,在該芯片中,地址選擇與數據寫入是分兩步完成的,先通過A0置0來寫地址索引寄存器,然后再對A0置1來讀寫對應地址的數據寄存器。其操作真值表如表3所列。SPI是工業標準的同步串行接口,它允許8位數據同時、同步地被發送和接收,而且只用到如下信號:SCLK、SCS、MOSI、MISO、EXINT。可將系統配置為SPI主操作(Master)與從操作(Slave),其接口形式與一般的串行接口方式一致,故此不再贅述。

表3 微處理器接口讀寫真值表

CS0 CS1 A0 RD WR 方 式 數據線 H X X X X 無效 高阻 X L X X X 無效 高阻 L H X H H 任意 高阻 L L L H 讀地址寄存器 輸出 L H L H L 寫地址寄存器 輸入 L H H L H 讀數據寄存器 輸出 L H H H L 寫數據寄存器 輸入

USB接口有兩種模式:一種是用芯片內部的ROM來存儲設備信息,一種是用外部串行ROM來存儲設備信息。

4 MBF200的應用

4.1 MBF200與USB的接口

由于USB總線接口具有即插即用特性,而且目前應用比較廣泛,所以本文設計了MBF200在USB模式下的接口電路(如圖2所示)。其中MODE分別置為1、0,采用12MHz晶振,AIN用于模擬信號輸入方式選擇,ISET用于設置內部參考電流,FSET用于設置內部多頻振蕩器及自動指紋檢測速率。需要注意的是,在USB模式中,為芯片提供的電壓必需在3.3V~3.6V之間,由于該芯片的低功耗特點,所以在設計中可以使用USB總線電源來滿足系統設計要求。

USB接口使用三個端點:其中端點0是控制端點,用來控制對功能寄存器的讀寫;端點1是讀端點,用來讀取經過AD轉換后的指紋圖像數據,它是以塊方式進行讀取的,每次64個字節;端點是2是中斷端點,當ISR(Interrupt Status Register)被置位時,由它向端點2發送中斷信號。

4.2 軟件控制流程

該傳感器有多種接口方式及多種圖像獲取形式,這些都是通過內部功能寄存器的設置來完成的。