動(dòng)詞不定式要點(diǎn)講解論文

時(shí)間:2022-09-02 05:40:00

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動(dòng)詞不定式要點(diǎn)講解論文

⒈不定式作主語(yǔ)

動(dòng)詞不定式作主語(yǔ)時(shí),句子的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù),其位置有以下兩種:

(1)把不定式置于句首。如:

Togettherebybikewilltakeushalfanhour.

(2)用it作形式主語(yǔ),把真正的主語(yǔ)不定式置于句后,常用于下列句式中。如:

①It+be+名詞+todo

It''''sourdutytotakegoodcareoftheold.

②Ittakessb+sometime+todo

Howlongdidittakeyoutofinishthework?

③It+be+形容詞+forsb+todo

Itisdifficultforustofinishwritingthecompositioninaquarterofanhour.

④It+be+形容詞+ofsb+todo

Itisstupidofyoutowritedowneverythingtheteachersays.

⑤Itseems(appears)+形容詞+todo

Itseemedimpossibletosavemoney.

在句型③中,常用表示客觀情況的形容詞,如:difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary等;在句型④中,常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise等表示贊揚(yáng)或批評(píng)的詞。在不定式前的sb,可看作其邏輯主語(yǔ)。這一句式有時(shí)相當(dāng)于Sbis+形容詞+todo句式,如:It''''skindofyoutohelpmewithmyEnglish.=YouarekindtohelpmewithmyEnglish.

⒉動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)

Learningwithoutpracticeisnogood.

動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),也常用It句式。如:

①It''''s+nogood(nouse,fun,apleasure,awasteoftime)+doing…

It''''snogoodreadingindimlight.

It''''snousesittingherewaiting.

②It''''s+形容詞+doing

It''''sdangerousswimmingintheseainwindydays.

這樣用的形容詞有expensive,nice,tiring等,但important,necessary則不適用于這種結(jié)構(gòu),應(yīng)用不定式代替,如:It''''simportantforyoutokeepfit.

③Thereisno+doing

Thereisnosayingwhatwillhappennext.

在這一結(jié)構(gòu)中,動(dòng)名詞后常帶賓語(yǔ),相當(dāng)于"It''''simpossibleto…"結(jié)構(gòu)。

⒊動(dòng)詞不定式和動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)的區(qū)別

①不定式作主語(yǔ)經(jīng)常表示具體動(dòng)作,常與特定的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者聯(lián)系在一起;而動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)經(jīng)常表示抽象動(dòng)作,經(jīng)常不與特定的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者聯(lián)系在一起。如:

It''''snogoodeatingtoomuchfat.

It''''snogoodforyoutoeatsomuchfat.

②動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ),可以用名詞或代詞屬格形式作邏輯主語(yǔ)。如:

It''''snouseyourpretendingthatyoudidn''''tknowtherules.

二、作賓語(yǔ)

⒈不定式作賓語(yǔ)

①以下動(dòng)詞后,只能跟不定式作賓語(yǔ)。如:agree,ask,aim,arrange,choose,decide,demand,expect,fail,help,hope,lean,long,

manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,wish等,這些詞大部分可接that引導(dǎo)的從句。如:

Idecidedtoaskformymoneyback.

IdecidedthatIwouldaskformymoneyback.

Whenourvisittothefarmwasover,weexpectedtostartbackonfoot.

Whenourvisittothefarmwasover,weexpectedthatwewouldstartbackonfoot.

②當(dāng)復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)中的賓語(yǔ)是不定式時(shí),先用形式賓語(yǔ)it代替不定式,把不定式置于補(bǔ)語(yǔ)之后,即:主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞+it+補(bǔ)語(yǔ)+todo句式。如:

Wethinkitquiteimportantforustolearnaforeignlanguagewell.

Hefeelsithisdutytohelpthepoor.

③介詞but,except,besides+todo(do)

在這種句型中,如介詞前有動(dòng)詞do,后面應(yīng)接不帶to的不定式;如無(wú)do,則接to不定式,即帶do不帶to,帶to不帶do。如:

Theenemysoldiershadnochoicebuttogivein.

OnSundayafternoonIhadnothingtodobutwatchTV.

⒉動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)

①以下動(dòng)詞后,只能接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ),如:admit,appreciate,consider,delay,enjoy,finish,keep,imagine,mind,miss,practise,resist,risk,save,suggest,don''''tmind,giveup,insist,on,putoff等。如:

Isuggestspendingoursummervacationinaseasidetown.

Youmustgiveupsmoking,foritdoestoomuchharmtoyourhealth.

②動(dòng)名詞作介詞的賓語(yǔ)

Ishouldgotoattendthebirthdaycelebrationinsteadofstayingathome.

WhataboutinvitingLiJuntomakeaspeech?

動(dòng)名詞前的介詞有時(shí)可以省略,如:havedifficulty(in)doing,havenotrouble(in)doing,losenotime(in)doing,prevent/stop…(from)doing,thereisnouse(in)doing等。

⒊部分動(dòng)詞后面,既可接動(dòng)詞不定式,也可接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ),意義不變。如:begin,continue,start,hate,like,love,need,require,want等。

在need,require,want后接-ing形式,表示被動(dòng)意義,也可接不定式,但要用被動(dòng)形式,如:Yourhandwritingneedsimproving(tobeimproved).hate,love,like接不定式表示特定的未來(lái)事件,接動(dòng)名詞表示目前正在進(jìn)行的活動(dòng)或一般的行為。

在下列情況下,一般要用不定式:

①hate,like,love前有would(should)時(shí),如:I''''dliketohaveacupofcoffee.

②當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞begin,continue,start等是進(jìn)行式時(shí),如:Thestudentsarestartingtoworkonthedifficultmathsproblem.

③begin,continue,start與know,understand等狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞連用時(shí),如:Isoonbegantounderstandwhat

washappening.

⒋advise,allow,encourage,forbid,permit等動(dòng)詞后接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ),或帶不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。如:

Ourteachersdon''''tpermitourswimminginthelake.

Ourteachersdon''''tpermitustoswiminthelake.

⒌部分動(dòng)詞后接不定式或動(dòng)名詞時(shí),意義差別較大,應(yīng)根據(jù)句子語(yǔ)境選擇使用。

①forget,remember,regret后接不定式,表示現(xiàn)在或未來(lái)的動(dòng)作,接動(dòng)名詞表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生。如:

Don''''tforgetfoposttheletterforme.

HaveyouforgottenmeetingherinBeijingAirport?

Remembertoclosethewindowsbeforeyouleave.

Irememberwritinghimaletterayearago.

Weregrettotellyouthatallofyouarenotinvitedtoattendthemeeting.

Theyregrettedorderingthesebooksfromabroad.

②meantodo打算做某事

doing意味著……

Imeanttocatchupwiththeearlybus.

Thismeanswastingalotofmoney.

③trytodo設(shè)法盡力做某事

doing試著做某事

Youshouldtrytoovercomeyourshortcomings.

Tryworkingoutthephysicsprobleminanotherway.

④stoptodo停下一件事去做另一件事(不定式作目的狀語(yǔ))

doing停止做某事

Onthewaytotheairport,Istoppedtobuyapaper.

You''''dbetterstoparguinganddoasyouaretold.

⑤can''''thelpdoing禁不住……

todo不能幫助干……

Theycouldn''''thelpjumpingupatthenews.

SorryIhavelotsofworktodo.SoIcan''''thelptomakeuptheroomforyou.

⑥goontodo做不同的事或不同內(nèi)容的事

doing繼續(xù)不停地做某事,指同一動(dòng)作的繼續(xù)

Hewentontotalkaboutworldsituation.他接著又談了世界形勢(shì)。

We''''llgoonfightingsolongasthereisoppressionintheworld.

⑦leaveofftodo離開(kāi)某地去干什么(目的狀語(yǔ))

doing停下某事

It''''stimetoleaveofftalkingandtostartacting.

Theyleftofftogofishing.

三、做表語(yǔ)

不定式作表語(yǔ)表示具體動(dòng)作或?qū)?lái)動(dòng)作;動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)表示抽象的一般行為。

①Tobekindtotheenemyistobecrueltothepeople.

②Mychiefpurposeistopointoutthedifficultiesofthematter.

③WhatIwouldsuggestistoputoffthemeeting.

當(dāng)主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)都是不定式時(shí),其含義一是條件,一是結(jié)果(例①)。當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是aim,duty,hope,idea,mistake,plan,purpose,suggestion等為中心詞的名詞詞組(例②)時(shí),或以what引導(dǎo)的名詞性分句(例③),不定式說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容。

④Ourworkisservingthepeople.

⑤Whathelikesistakingawalkaftersupper.

⑥ThestorytoldbyMr.Wangisinteresting.

④⑤句動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ),與主語(yǔ)部分可以轉(zhuǎn)換,如Servingthepeopleisoutwork,而⑥句中是現(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ),說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)、狀態(tài),現(xiàn)在分詞具有形容詞的各種特征,另外,動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)還應(yīng)與進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)區(qū)別開(kāi)來(lái)。

四、作定語(yǔ)

⒈不定式作定語(yǔ)

不定式在句中作定語(yǔ),置于被修飾的名詞或代詞之后。如:

①ThenexttraintoarriveisfromWashington.

②Haveyouanythingtobetakentoyoursister?

③Doyouhaveanythingtosayonthequestion?

④Wouldyoupleasegivemesomepapertowriteon?

⑤MywishtovisitFrancehascometrueatlast.

不定式短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)和被修飾詞之間表示以下關(guān)系:

(1)表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作(例①)。

(2)與被修飾詞之間有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,如是不及物動(dòng)詞,則需加介詞(例④)。

(3)與被修飾詞之間有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,同時(shí)與句中其它詞之間又有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系時(shí),盡管有被動(dòng)含義,卻仍用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(例③);如只有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,而無(wú)邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系,則需用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(例②)。

(4)不定式作定語(yǔ)時(shí),一般可轉(zhuǎn)換為定語(yǔ)從句,例①toarrive=thatwillarrive。

⒉動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)

①Thispassagecanbeusedaslisteningmaterials.

②Thereadingroomofourschoollibrarycanhold800people.

③Allmovingbodieshaveenergy.

①②句動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)說(shuō)明一種性能,即:用來(lái)……的;第③句為現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ),單個(gè)分詞作定語(yǔ)常置于被修飾詞之前,與被修飾詞之間,可構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系,分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)常置于被修飾詞之后。如:ThemanstandingattheschoolgateisProfessorHua.

五、不定式作補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)

⒈作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)

一些及物動(dòng)詞除要求按賓語(yǔ)外,有時(shí)還需要有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)的行為、狀態(tài)、特征,這時(shí)意思才相對(duì)完整。

(1)常要求不定式作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞有:allow,ask,advise,beg,cause,drive(強(qiáng)迫),encourage,expect,forbid,force,get,wouldlike(love,hate),order,permit,persuade,teach,tell,want,warn,wish等。如:

①WouldyoulikemetogiveyourregardstoMary?

②Iwantyoutounderstandthewholepassageclearly.

(2)部分動(dòng)詞后常接tobe+形容詞、名詞短語(yǔ)等形式,有時(shí)tobe可省略,如:believe,consider,discover,find(=consider),feel(=think),imagine,judge,know,prove,think,suppose,see(=understand),understand等。

①WeallbelieveJohn(tobe)honest.

②Iconsiderhim(tobe)oneofthebestbiologyteachersofNo.1MiddleSchool.

但當(dāng)不定式是完成式時(shí),to不能省略,如:Weconsiderhimtohavebeenfoolish.

(3)感覺(jué)動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞后用作賓補(bǔ)的不定式須省略to。

①Ididn''''thearanyonesayanythingaboutit.

②Theymakethestudentsdotoomuchhomeworkeveryday.

這種句式在變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),to不能省略,如第②句:Thestudentsaremadetodotoomuchhomework

everyday.

(4)help,know后面的"to"可有可無(wú)。如:

Wouldyoupleasehelpme(to)fillinthetaxform?

I''''veneverknownher(to)belatebefore.但:HewasknowntohavebeentoFrancebefore.

(5)部分短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后,常接不定式作賓補(bǔ),如:

Youmaydependonthemtobethereearly.

ThePartycallsonustoincreaseproductionandpractiseeconomy.

常這樣用的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有:askfor,carefor,callon,counton,dependon,waitfor,longfor(渴望),preparefor,wishfor等。

⒉作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)

不定式作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),和主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成一種邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。如:

①Hewasnotallowedtoentertheclassroomforbeinglate.

②Theyounguniversitystudentisconsideredtohavegreatpromise.

六、不定式作狀語(yǔ)

⒈作目的狀語(yǔ)

(1)①Istayedtheretoseewhatwouldhappen.

②Henryhasdecidedtogotothehospitaltobeexaminedbythedoctor.

(2)有時(shí)為了強(qiáng)調(diào),不定式前可加inorder或soas。如:

Bobtookdownmytelephonenumbersoas(inorder)nottoforgetit.

有時(shí)為強(qiáng)調(diào)目的狀語(yǔ)可把inorderto或不定式置于句首,但soasto不能這樣用。在這種句式中不定式部分可轉(zhuǎn)換為sothat,inorderthat,成為目的狀語(yǔ)從句,如:

Istayedtheresothat(inorderthat)Icouldseewhatwouldhappen.

(3)在部分表示感情色彩的形容詞、過(guò)去分詞或動(dòng)詞之后可接不定式,如:astonished,glad,happy,laugh,pleased,sad,smile,sorry,surprised等。

①Wearegladtohearthenews.

②Iwassurprisedtoseethatathree-year-oldbabycouldwritesowell.

在部分形容詞后接不定式,用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義,這種句型中的主語(yǔ)是不定式的邏輯賓語(yǔ)。如:Thequestionraisedbythestudentisdifficulttoanswer.

Theroomisreallycomfortabletolivein.

常這樣用的形容詞有:comfortable,easy,dangerous,difficult,expensive,fit,impossible等。

⒉作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)

Wecamehomeafterourholidaytofindourgardenneatandtidy.

不定式作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)還常用在下列句式中。如:

①so…asto;such…asto

I''''mnotsostupid(afool)astoputitinwriting.我不至于愚蠢到會(huì)把它寫下來(lái)。

I''''mnotsuchastupidfoolastoputitinwriting.

②enough…to

Thespeedishighenoughforustocatchupwiththefirstliner.

③onlyto

Janehurriedbackonlytofindhermotherdyinginthehospital.

④too…to

I''''mtootiredtostayuplonger.

但在下列結(jié)構(gòu)中,too…to并非是“太……而不能……”之意。如:

①I''''monlytoogladtohavepassedtheexam.考試及格我太高興了。(too修飾gladtohave…,相當(dāng)于very)

②Wehavetoomuchtolearn.我們要學(xué)的太多了(不定式作定語(yǔ))。

⒊不定式短語(yǔ)還可作獨(dú)立成分,用于句首、句中或句末。如:

Totellthetruth,theplaywasagreatdisappointmenttome.

常見(jiàn)的短語(yǔ)有tobeexact(確切地說(shuō)),tobeginwith(首先),todohimjustice(說(shuō)句對(duì)他公道的話),tobesure(真的)等等。

七、動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞的其它用法

⒈疑問(wèn)詞+不定式結(jié)構(gòu)

疑問(wèn)詞who,what,which,when,where,whether,how后可接不定式構(gòu)成不定式短語(yǔ),在句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等。如:

①WhentoleaveforLondonhasnotbeendecidedyet.

②Mr.Smithdidn''''tknowwhethertoleaveorstaythere.

③IaskedProfessorXuhowtolearnEnglishwell.

④Thequestionwaswheretogetthemedicineneeded.

以上例句中疑問(wèn)詞+不定式部分,均可轉(zhuǎn)換為相應(yīng)的從句形式。如:①Whenweshallleave…③…h(huán)owI

couldlearn…

經(jīng)常在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中使用的動(dòng)詞有:consider,decide,discover,explain,findout,forget,hear,know,learn,observe,understand,wonder等。

⒉動(dòng)詞不定式的時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)

(1)時(shí)態(tài)

①一般式:動(dòng)詞不定式一般式表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后,有時(shí)表示同時(shí)發(fā)生。如:

Ihopetobecomeauniversitystudentthisyear.(tobecome發(fā)生在hope之后)

WeoftenhearDickplaythepianointhenextroom.(play和hear同時(shí)發(fā)生)

②完成式:表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前。如:

I''''msorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.

Wearetooyoungtohaveseentheoldsociety.

③進(jìn)行式:表示的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生。如:

TheteacherhappenedtobecorrectingourpaperswhenIcamein.

Theyseemedtobediscussingsomethingimportant.

(2)語(yǔ)態(tài)

如果動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)是這個(gè)不定式所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者,不定式一般要用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式。如:

It''''sagreathonourtobeinvitedtoMary''''sbirthdayparty.(不定式作主語(yǔ))

Itwasimpossibleforlosttimetobemadeup.(不定式作主語(yǔ))

Iwishtobesenttoworkinthecountry.(不定式作賓語(yǔ))

Canyoutellmewhichisthecartoberepaired?(不定式作定語(yǔ))

Hewenttothehospitaltobeexamined.(不定式作狀語(yǔ))

在Therebe結(jié)構(gòu)中,修飾主語(yǔ)的不定式可用被動(dòng),也可用主動(dòng)。如:Therearestillmanythingstotakecareof(tobetakencareof).但有時(shí)兩種形式表達(dá)的意思不同,如:Theseisnothingtodonow.(Wehavenothingtodonow.)Thereisnothingtobedonenow.(Wecandonothingnow.)

⒊動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)

(1)時(shí)態(tài)

①一般式:動(dòng)名詞的一般式所表示的動(dòng)作可以是泛指,也可與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生,或發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前、之后。如:

Weareinterestedincollectingstamps.

IshallneverforgetseeingtheGreatWallforthefirsttime.

Wearenotafraidofdying.

②完成式所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前。如:

Lmaginehavingtravelledonthemoon.

Wewerepraisedforhavingfinishedtheworkaheadoftime.

(2)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

①如果動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)為動(dòng)名詞所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者,動(dòng)名詞要用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)有一般式與完成式之分。如:

Theyoungmancameinwithoutbeingnoticed.

Hepridedhimselfonhavingneverbeenbeateninclass.

②有些動(dòng)詞后的動(dòng)名詞用主動(dòng)形式,但表示被動(dòng)意義。如:

Thebikeneedsrepairing.

Ifathingisworthdoing,itisworthdoingwell.

⒋在口語(yǔ)中,為避免重復(fù),常用"to"代替不定式結(jié)構(gòu),有時(shí)甚至可以把to省略。如:

①—DidyougotovisittheGreatWall?

—No,Iwantedto,buttherewasn''''tenoughtime.

②—Wouldyouliketocometoaparty?

—I''''dloveto.

③—Don''''tmakeanymistakesinyourhomework,willyou?

—I''''lltrynotto.

④—Trytobebackby12,won''''tyou?

—OK,I''''lltry.

另外,begoingto,oughtto,usedto等也常用于這一結(jié)構(gòu)中。

⒌在why引起的問(wèn)句中,省略"to"。如:

Whyspendsuchalotofmoney?

Whynotwaitforacoupleofdays?

⒍當(dāng)兩個(gè)或更多作用相同的不定式并列使用時(shí),只在第一個(gè)不定式前加"to"。如:

It''''squitenecessaryforustoreadmoreandhavemorepractice.

⒎"to"在下列短語(yǔ)中是“介詞”,后接動(dòng)名詞或名詞形式。如:

devote…to,faceupto(勇敢地面對(duì)),lookforwardto(盼望),objectto(反對(duì)),taketo(養(yǎng)成習(xí)慣,對(duì)……感興趣;開(kāi)始從事某種活動(dòng)),beusedto(習(xí)慣于)等。