動(dòng)詞不定式要點(diǎn)講解論文
時(shí)間:2022-09-02 05:40:00
導(dǎo)語(yǔ):動(dòng)詞不定式要點(diǎn)講解論文一文來(lái)源于網(wǎng)友上傳,不代表本站觀點(diǎn),若需要原創(chuàng)文章可咨詢客服老師,歡迎參考。
⒈不定式作主語(yǔ)
動(dòng)詞不定式作主語(yǔ)時(shí),句子的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù),其位置有以下兩種:
(1)把不定式置于句首。如:
Togettherebybikewilltakeushalfanhour.
(2)用it作形式主語(yǔ),把真正的主語(yǔ)不定式置于句后,常用于下列句式中。如:
①It+be+名詞+todo
It''''sourdutytotakegoodcareoftheold.
②Ittakessb+sometime+todo
Howlongdidittakeyoutofinishthework?
③It+be+形容詞+forsb+todo
Itisdifficultforustofinishwritingthecompositioninaquarterofanhour.
④It+be+形容詞+ofsb+todo
Itisstupidofyoutowritedowneverythingtheteachersays.
⑤Itseems(appears)+形容詞+todo
Itseemedimpossibletosavemoney.
在句型③中,常用表示客觀情況的形容詞,如:difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary等;在句型④中,常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise等表示贊揚(yáng)或批評(píng)的詞。在不定式前的sb,可看作其邏輯主語(yǔ)。這一句式有時(shí)相當(dāng)于Sbis+形容詞+todo句式,如:It''''skindofyoutohelpmewithmyEnglish.=YouarekindtohelpmewithmyEnglish.
⒉動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)
Learningwithoutpracticeisnogood.
動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),也常用It句式。如:
①It''''s+nogood(nouse,fun,apleasure,awasteoftime)+doing…
It''''snogoodreadingindimlight.
It''''snousesittingherewaiting.
②It''''s+形容詞+doing
It''''sdangerousswimmingintheseainwindydays.
這樣用的形容詞有expensive,nice,tiring等,但important,necessary則不適用于這種結(jié)構(gòu),應(yīng)用不定式代替,如:It''''simportantforyoutokeepfit.
③Thereisno+doing
Thereisnosayingwhatwillhappennext.
在這一結(jié)構(gòu)中,動(dòng)名詞后常帶賓語(yǔ),相當(dāng)于"It''''simpossibleto…"結(jié)構(gòu)。
⒊動(dòng)詞不定式和動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)的區(qū)別
①不定式作主語(yǔ)經(jīng)常表示具體動(dòng)作,常與特定的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者聯(lián)系在一起;而動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)經(jīng)常表示抽象動(dòng)作,經(jīng)常不與特定的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者聯(lián)系在一起。如:
It''''snogoodeatingtoomuchfat.
It''''snogoodforyoutoeatsomuchfat.
②動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ),可以用名詞或代詞屬格形式作邏輯主語(yǔ)。如:
It''''snouseyourpretendingthatyoudidn''''tknowtherules.
二、作賓語(yǔ)
⒈不定式作賓語(yǔ)
①以下動(dòng)詞后,只能跟不定式作賓語(yǔ)。如:agree,ask,aim,arrange,choose,decide,demand,expect,fail,help,hope,lean,long,
manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,wish等,這些詞大部分可接that引導(dǎo)的從句。如:
Idecidedtoaskformymoneyback.
IdecidedthatIwouldaskformymoneyback.
Whenourvisittothefarmwasover,weexpectedtostartbackonfoot.
Whenourvisittothefarmwasover,weexpectedthatwewouldstartbackonfoot.
②當(dāng)復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)中的賓語(yǔ)是不定式時(shí),先用形式賓語(yǔ)it代替不定式,把不定式置于補(bǔ)語(yǔ)之后,即:主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞+it+補(bǔ)語(yǔ)+todo句式。如:
Wethinkitquiteimportantforustolearnaforeignlanguagewell.
Hefeelsithisdutytohelpthepoor.
③介詞but,except,besides+todo(do)
在這種句型中,如介詞前有動(dòng)詞do,后面應(yīng)接不帶to的不定式;如無(wú)do,則接to不定式,即帶do不帶to,帶to不帶do。如:
Theenemysoldiershadnochoicebuttogivein.
OnSundayafternoonIhadnothingtodobutwatchTV.
⒉動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)
①以下動(dòng)詞后,只能接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ),如:admit,appreciate,consider,delay,enjoy,finish,keep,imagine,mind,miss,practise,resist,risk,save,suggest,don''''tmind,giveup,insist,on,putoff等。如:
Isuggestspendingoursummervacationinaseasidetown.
Youmustgiveupsmoking,foritdoestoomuchharmtoyourhealth.
②動(dòng)名詞作介詞的賓語(yǔ)
Ishouldgotoattendthebirthdaycelebrationinsteadofstayingathome.
WhataboutinvitingLiJuntomakeaspeech?
動(dòng)名詞前的介詞有時(shí)可以省略,如:havedifficulty(in)doing,havenotrouble(in)doing,losenotime(in)doing,prevent/stop…(from)doing,thereisnouse(in)doing等。
⒊部分動(dòng)詞后面,既可接動(dòng)詞不定式,也可接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ),意義不變。如:begin,continue,start,hate,like,love,need,require,want等。
在need,require,want后接-ing形式,表示被動(dòng)意義,也可接不定式,但要用被動(dòng)形式,如:Yourhandwritingneedsimproving(tobeimproved).hate,love,like接不定式表示特定的未來(lái)事件,接動(dòng)名詞表示目前正在進(jìn)行的活動(dòng)或一般的行為。
在下列情況下,一般要用不定式:
①hate,like,love前有would(should)時(shí),如:I''''dliketohaveacupofcoffee.
②當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞begin,continue,start等是進(jìn)行式時(shí),如:Thestudentsarestartingtoworkonthedifficultmathsproblem.
③begin,continue,start與know,understand等狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞連用時(shí),如:Isoonbegantounderstandwhat
washappening.
⒋advise,allow,encourage,forbid,permit等動(dòng)詞后接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ),或帶不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。如:
Ourteachersdon''''tpermitourswimminginthelake.
Ourteachersdon''''tpermitustoswiminthelake.
⒌部分動(dòng)詞后接不定式或動(dòng)名詞時(shí),意義差別較大,應(yīng)根據(jù)句子語(yǔ)境選擇使用。
①forget,remember,regret后接不定式,表示現(xiàn)在或未來(lái)的動(dòng)作,接動(dòng)名詞表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生。如:
Don''''tforgetfoposttheletterforme.
HaveyouforgottenmeetingherinBeijingAirport?
Remembertoclosethewindowsbeforeyouleave.
Irememberwritinghimaletterayearago.
Weregrettotellyouthatallofyouarenotinvitedtoattendthemeeting.
Theyregrettedorderingthesebooksfromabroad.
②meantodo打算做某事
doing意味著……
Imeanttocatchupwiththeearlybus.
Thismeanswastingalotofmoney.
③trytodo設(shè)法盡力做某事
doing試著做某事
Youshouldtrytoovercomeyourshortcomings.
Tryworkingoutthephysicsprobleminanotherway.
④stoptodo停下一件事去做另一件事(不定式作目的狀語(yǔ))
doing停止做某事
Onthewaytotheairport,Istoppedtobuyapaper.
You''''dbetterstoparguinganddoasyouaretold.
⑤can''''thelpdoing禁不住……
todo不能幫助干……
Theycouldn''''thelpjumpingupatthenews.
SorryIhavelotsofworktodo.SoIcan''''thelptomakeuptheroomforyou.
⑥goontodo做不同的事或不同內(nèi)容的事
doing繼續(xù)不停地做某事,指同一動(dòng)作的繼續(xù)
Hewentontotalkaboutworldsituation.他接著又談了世界形勢(shì)。
We''''llgoonfightingsolongasthereisoppressionintheworld.
⑦leaveofftodo離開(kāi)某地去干什么(目的狀語(yǔ))
doing停下某事
It''''stimetoleaveofftalkingandtostartacting.
Theyleftofftogofishing.
三、做表語(yǔ)
不定式作表語(yǔ)表示具體動(dòng)作或?qū)?lái)動(dòng)作;動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)表示抽象的一般行為。
①Tobekindtotheenemyistobecrueltothepeople.
②Mychiefpurposeistopointoutthedifficultiesofthematter.
③WhatIwouldsuggestistoputoffthemeeting.
當(dāng)主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)都是不定式時(shí),其含義一是條件,一是結(jié)果(例①)。當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是aim,duty,hope,idea,mistake,plan,purpose,suggestion等為中心詞的名詞詞組(例②)時(shí),或以what引導(dǎo)的名詞性分句(例③),不定式說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容。
④Ourworkisservingthepeople.
⑤Whathelikesistakingawalkaftersupper.
⑥ThestorytoldbyMr.Wangisinteresting.
④⑤句動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ),與主語(yǔ)部分可以轉(zhuǎn)換,如Servingthepeopleisoutwork,而⑥句中是現(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ),說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)、狀態(tài),現(xiàn)在分詞具有形容詞的各種特征,另外,動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)還應(yīng)與進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)區(qū)別開(kāi)來(lái)。
四、作定語(yǔ)
⒈不定式作定語(yǔ)
不定式在句中作定語(yǔ),置于被修飾的名詞或代詞之后。如:
①ThenexttraintoarriveisfromWashington.
②Haveyouanythingtobetakentoyoursister?
③Doyouhaveanythingtosayonthequestion?
④Wouldyoupleasegivemesomepapertowriteon?
⑤MywishtovisitFrancehascometrueatlast.
不定式短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)和被修飾詞之間表示以下關(guān)系:
(1)表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作(例①)。
(2)與被修飾詞之間有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,如是不及物動(dòng)詞,則需加介詞(例④)。
(3)與被修飾詞之間有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,同時(shí)與句中其它詞之間又有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系時(shí),盡管有被動(dòng)含義,卻仍用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(例③);如只有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,而無(wú)邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系,則需用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(例②)。
(4)不定式作定語(yǔ)時(shí),一般可轉(zhuǎn)換為定語(yǔ)從句,例①toarrive=thatwillarrive。
⒉動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)
①Thispassagecanbeusedaslisteningmaterials.
②Thereadingroomofourschoollibrarycanhold800people.
③Allmovingbodieshaveenergy.
①②句動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)說(shuō)明一種性能,即:用來(lái)……的;第③句為現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ),單個(gè)分詞作定語(yǔ)常置于被修飾詞之前,與被修飾詞之間,可構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系,分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)常置于被修飾詞之后。如:ThemanstandingattheschoolgateisProfessorHua.
五、不定式作補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)
⒈作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)
一些及物動(dòng)詞除要求按賓語(yǔ)外,有時(shí)還需要有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)的行為、狀態(tài)、特征,這時(shí)意思才相對(duì)完整。
(1)常要求不定式作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞有:allow,ask,advise,beg,cause,drive(強(qiáng)迫),encourage,expect,forbid,force,get,wouldlike(love,hate),order,permit,persuade,teach,tell,want,warn,wish等。如:
①WouldyoulikemetogiveyourregardstoMary?
②Iwantyoutounderstandthewholepassageclearly.
(2)部分動(dòng)詞后常接tobe+形容詞、名詞短語(yǔ)等形式,有時(shí)tobe可省略,如:believe,consider,discover,find(=consider),feel(=think),imagine,judge,know,prove,think,suppose,see(=understand),understand等。
①WeallbelieveJohn(tobe)honest.
②Iconsiderhim(tobe)oneofthebestbiologyteachersofNo.1MiddleSchool.
但當(dāng)不定式是完成式時(shí),to不能省略,如:Weconsiderhimtohavebeenfoolish.
(3)感覺(jué)動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞后用作賓補(bǔ)的不定式須省略to。
①Ididn''''thearanyonesayanythingaboutit.
②Theymakethestudentsdotoomuchhomeworkeveryday.
這種句式在變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),to不能省略,如第②句:Thestudentsaremadetodotoomuchhomework
everyday.
(4)help,know后面的"to"可有可無(wú)。如:
Wouldyoupleasehelpme(to)fillinthetaxform?
I''''veneverknownher(to)belatebefore.但:HewasknowntohavebeentoFrancebefore.
(5)部分短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后,常接不定式作賓補(bǔ),如:
Youmaydependonthemtobethereearly.
ThePartycallsonustoincreaseproductionandpractiseeconomy.
常這樣用的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有:askfor,carefor,callon,counton,dependon,waitfor,longfor(渴望),preparefor,wishfor等。
⒉作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)
不定式作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),和主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成一種邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。如:
①Hewasnotallowedtoentertheclassroomforbeinglate.
②Theyounguniversitystudentisconsideredtohavegreatpromise.
六、不定式作狀語(yǔ)
⒈作目的狀語(yǔ)
(1)①Istayedtheretoseewhatwouldhappen.
②Henryhasdecidedtogotothehospitaltobeexaminedbythedoctor.
(2)有時(shí)為了強(qiáng)調(diào),不定式前可加inorder或soas。如:
Bobtookdownmytelephonenumbersoas(inorder)nottoforgetit.
有時(shí)為強(qiáng)調(diào)目的狀語(yǔ)可把inorderto或不定式置于句首,但soasto不能這樣用。在這種句式中不定式部分可轉(zhuǎn)換為sothat,inorderthat,成為目的狀語(yǔ)從句,如:
Istayedtheresothat(inorderthat)Icouldseewhatwouldhappen.
(3)在部分表示感情色彩的形容詞、過(guò)去分詞或動(dòng)詞之后可接不定式,如:astonished,glad,happy,laugh,pleased,sad,smile,sorry,surprised等。
①Wearegladtohearthenews.
②Iwassurprisedtoseethatathree-year-oldbabycouldwritesowell.
在部分形容詞后接不定式,用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義,這種句型中的主語(yǔ)是不定式的邏輯賓語(yǔ)。如:Thequestionraisedbythestudentisdifficulttoanswer.
Theroomisreallycomfortabletolivein.
常這樣用的形容詞有:comfortable,easy,dangerous,difficult,expensive,fit,impossible等。
⒉作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)
Wecamehomeafterourholidaytofindourgardenneatandtidy.
不定式作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)還常用在下列句式中。如:
①so…asto;such…asto
I''''mnotsostupid(afool)astoputitinwriting.我不至于愚蠢到會(huì)把它寫下來(lái)。
I''''mnotsuchastupidfoolastoputitinwriting.
②enough…to
Thespeedishighenoughforustocatchupwiththefirstliner.
③onlyto
Janehurriedbackonlytofindhermotherdyinginthehospital.
④too…to
I''''mtootiredtostayuplonger.
但在下列結(jié)構(gòu)中,too…to并非是“太……而不能……”之意。如:
①I''''monlytoogladtohavepassedtheexam.考試及格我太高興了。(too修飾gladtohave…,相當(dāng)于very)
②Wehavetoomuchtolearn.我們要學(xué)的太多了(不定式作定語(yǔ))。
⒊不定式短語(yǔ)還可作獨(dú)立成分,用于句首、句中或句末。如:
Totellthetruth,theplaywasagreatdisappointmenttome.
常見(jiàn)的短語(yǔ)有tobeexact(確切地說(shuō)),tobeginwith(首先),todohimjustice(說(shuō)句對(duì)他公道的話),tobesure(真的)等等。
七、動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞的其它用法
⒈疑問(wèn)詞+不定式結(jié)構(gòu)
疑問(wèn)詞who,what,which,when,where,whether,how后可接不定式構(gòu)成不定式短語(yǔ),在句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等。如:
①WhentoleaveforLondonhasnotbeendecidedyet.
②Mr.Smithdidn''''tknowwhethertoleaveorstaythere.
③IaskedProfessorXuhowtolearnEnglishwell.
④Thequestionwaswheretogetthemedicineneeded.
以上例句中疑問(wèn)詞+不定式部分,均可轉(zhuǎn)換為相應(yīng)的從句形式。如:①Whenweshallleave…③…h(huán)owI
couldlearn…
經(jīng)常在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中使用的動(dòng)詞有:consider,decide,discover,explain,findout,forget,hear,know,learn,observe,understand,wonder等。
⒉動(dòng)詞不定式的時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)
(1)時(shí)態(tài)
①一般式:動(dòng)詞不定式一般式表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后,有時(shí)表示同時(shí)發(fā)生。如:
Ihopetobecomeauniversitystudentthisyear.(tobecome發(fā)生在hope之后)
WeoftenhearDickplaythepianointhenextroom.(play和hear同時(shí)發(fā)生)
②完成式:表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前。如:
I''''msorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.
Wearetooyoungtohaveseentheoldsociety.
③進(jìn)行式:表示的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生。如:
TheteacherhappenedtobecorrectingourpaperswhenIcamein.
Theyseemedtobediscussingsomethingimportant.
(2)語(yǔ)態(tài)
如果動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)是這個(gè)不定式所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者,不定式一般要用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式。如:
It''''sagreathonourtobeinvitedtoMary''''sbirthdayparty.(不定式作主語(yǔ))
Itwasimpossibleforlosttimetobemadeup.(不定式作主語(yǔ))
Iwishtobesenttoworkinthecountry.(不定式作賓語(yǔ))
Canyoutellmewhichisthecartoberepaired?(不定式作定語(yǔ))
Hewenttothehospitaltobeexamined.(不定式作狀語(yǔ))
在Therebe結(jié)構(gòu)中,修飾主語(yǔ)的不定式可用被動(dòng),也可用主動(dòng)。如:Therearestillmanythingstotakecareof(tobetakencareof).但有時(shí)兩種形式表達(dá)的意思不同,如:Theseisnothingtodonow.(Wehavenothingtodonow.)Thereisnothingtobedonenow.(Wecandonothingnow.)
⒊動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)
(1)時(shí)態(tài)
①一般式:動(dòng)名詞的一般式所表示的動(dòng)作可以是泛指,也可與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生,或發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前、之后。如:
Weareinterestedincollectingstamps.
IshallneverforgetseeingtheGreatWallforthefirsttime.
Wearenotafraidofdying.
②完成式所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前。如:
Lmaginehavingtravelledonthemoon.
Wewerepraisedforhavingfinishedtheworkaheadoftime.
(2)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
①如果動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)為動(dòng)名詞所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者,動(dòng)名詞要用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)有一般式與完成式之分。如:
Theyoungmancameinwithoutbeingnoticed.
Hepridedhimselfonhavingneverbeenbeateninclass.
②有些動(dòng)詞后的動(dòng)名詞用主動(dòng)形式,但表示被動(dòng)意義。如:
Thebikeneedsrepairing.
Ifathingisworthdoing,itisworthdoingwell.
⒋在口語(yǔ)中,為避免重復(fù),常用"to"代替不定式結(jié)構(gòu),有時(shí)甚至可以把to省略。如:
①—DidyougotovisittheGreatWall?
—No,Iwantedto,buttherewasn''''tenoughtime.
②—Wouldyouliketocometoaparty?
—I''''dloveto.
③—Don''''tmakeanymistakesinyourhomework,willyou?
—I''''lltrynotto.
④—Trytobebackby12,won''''tyou?
—OK,I''''lltry.
另外,begoingto,oughtto,usedto等也常用于這一結(jié)構(gòu)中。
⒌在why引起的問(wèn)句中,省略"to"。如:
Whyspendsuchalotofmoney?
Whynotwaitforacoupleofdays?
⒍當(dāng)兩個(gè)或更多作用相同的不定式并列使用時(shí),只在第一個(gè)不定式前加"to"。如:
It''''squitenecessaryforustoreadmoreandhavemorepractice.
⒎"to"在下列短語(yǔ)中是“介詞”,后接動(dòng)名詞或名詞形式。如:
devote…to,faceupto(勇敢地面對(duì)),lookforwardto(盼望),objectto(反對(duì)),taketo(養(yǎng)成習(xí)慣,對(duì)……感興趣;開(kāi)始從事某種活動(dòng)),beusedto(習(xí)慣于)等。